feat: add alternative X11 injection backend based on libxdo (#1068)

* feat(inject): first steps towards xdotool inject fallback

* feat(inject): progress in the xdotool fallback implementation

* feat(config): add options for alternative xdotool backend

* feat(core): wire up alternative x11 backend

espanso-config/src/config/mod.rs

@@ -166,6 +166,10 @@ pub trait Config: Send + Sync {
   // the built-in native module on X11.
   fn x11_use_xclip_backend(&self) -> bool;
 
+  // If true, use an alternative injection backend based on the `xdotool` library.
+  // This might improve the situation for certain locales/layouts on X11.
+  fn x11_use_xdotool_backend(&self) -> bool;
+
   // If true, filter out keyboard events without an explicit HID device source on Windows.
   // This is needed to filter out the software-generated events, including
   // those from espanso, but might need to be disabled when using some software-level keyboards.
@@ -212,6 +216,7 @@ pub trait Config: Send + Sync {
         secure_input_notification: {:?}
 
         x11_use_xclip_backend: {:?}
+        x11_use_xdotool_backend: {:?}
         win32_exclude_orphan_events: {:?}
         win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval: {:?}
 
@@ -246,6 +251,7 @@ pub trait Config: Send + Sync {
       self.secure_input_notification(),
 
       self.x11_use_xclip_backend(),
+      self.x11_use_xdotool_backend(),
       self.win32_exclude_orphan_events(),
       self.win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval(),
 

espanso-config/src/config/parse/mod.rs

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ParsedConfig {
   pub win32_exclude_orphan_events: Option<bool>,
   pub win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval: Option<i64>,
   pub x11_use_xclip_backend: Option<bool>,
+  pub x11_use_xdotool_backend: Option<bool>,
 
   pub pre_paste_delay: Option<usize>,
   pub restore_clipboard_delay: Option<usize>,

espanso-config/src/config/parse/yaml.rs

@@ -121,6 +121,9 @@ pub(crate) struct YAMLConfig {
   #[serde(default)]
   pub x11_use_xclip_backend: Option<bool>,
 
+  #[serde(default)]
+  pub x11_use_xdotool_backend: Option<bool>,
+
   // Include/Exclude
   #[serde(default)]
   pub includes: Option<Vec<String>>,
@@ -213,6 +216,7 @@ impl TryFrom<YAMLConfig> for ParsedConfig {
       win32_exclude_orphan_events: yaml_config.win32_exclude_orphan_events,
       win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval: yaml_config.win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval,
       x11_use_xclip_backend: yaml_config.x11_use_xclip_backend,
+      x11_use_xdotool_backend: yaml_config.x11_use_xdotool_backend,
 
       use_standard_includes: yaml_config.use_standard_includes,
       includes: yaml_config.includes,
@@ -273,6 +277,7 @@ mod tests {
     win32_exclude_orphan_events: false
     win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval: 300
     x11_use_xclip_backend: true
+    x11_use_xdotool_backend: true
       
     use_standard_includes: true
     includes: ["test1"]
@@ -329,6 +334,7 @@ mod tests {
         win32_exclude_orphan_events: Some(false),
         win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval: Some(300),
         x11_use_xclip_backend: Some(true),
+        x11_use_xdotool_backend: Some(true),
 
         pre_paste_delay: Some(300),
         evdev_modifier_delay: Some(40),

espanso-config/src/config/resolve.rs

@@ -331,6 +331,10 @@ impl Config for ResolvedConfig {
   fn x11_use_xclip_backend(&self) -> bool {
     self.parsed.x11_use_xclip_backend.unwrap_or(false)
   }
+
+  fn x11_use_xdotool_backend(&self) -> bool {
+    self.parsed.x11_use_xdotool_backend.unwrap_or(false)
+  }
 }
 
 impl ResolvedConfig {
@@ -417,6 +421,7 @@ impl ResolvedConfig {
       win32_exclude_orphan_events,
       win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval,
       x11_use_xclip_backend,
+      x11_use_xdotool_backend,
       includes,
       excludes,
       extra_includes,

espanso-config/src/legacy/mod.rs

@@ -410,6 +410,10 @@ impl Config for LegacyInteropConfig {
   fn x11_use_xclip_backend(&self) -> bool {
     false
   }
+
+  fn x11_use_xdotool_backend(&self) -> bool {
+    false
+  }
 }
 
 struct LegacyMatchGroup {

espanso-inject/build.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ fn cc_config() {
 fn cc_config() {
   println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=src/evdev/native.h");
   println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=src/evdev/native.c");
+  println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo.c");
+  println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo.h");
+  println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo_util.h");
   cc::Build::new()
     .include("src/evdev")
     .file("src/evdev/native.c")
@@ -47,6 +50,14 @@ fn cc_config() {
   println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=dylib=xkbcommon");
 
   if cfg!(not(feature = "wayland")) {
+    cc::Build::new()
+      .cpp(false)
+      .include("src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo.h")
+      .include("src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo_util.h")
+      .file("src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo.c")
+      .compile("xdotoolvendor");
+
+    println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=static=xdotoolvendor");
     println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=dylib=X11");
     println!("cargo:rustc-link-lib=dylib=Xtst");
   }

espanso-inject/src/lib.rs

@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ pub struct InjectionOptions {
   // Used to set a modifier-specific delay.
   // NOTE: Only relevant on Wayland systems.
   pub evdev_modifier_delay: u32,
+
+  // If true, use the xdotool fallback to perform the expansions.
+  // NOTE: Only relevant on Linux-X11 systems.
+  pub x11_use_xdotool_fallback: bool,
 }
 
 impl Default for InjectionOptions {
@@ -84,6 +88,7 @@ impl Default for InjectionOptions {
       delay: default_delay,
       disable_fast_inject: false,
       evdev_modifier_delay: 10,
+      x11_use_xdotool_fallback: false,
     }
   }
 }
@@ -148,8 +153,8 @@ pub fn get_injector(options: InjectorCreationOptions) -> Result<Box<dyn Injector
     info!("using EVDEVInjector");
     Ok(Box::new(evdev::EVDEVInjector::new(options)?))
   } else {
-    info!("using X11Injector");
+    info!("using X11ProxyInjector");
-    Ok(Box::new(x11::X11Injector::new()?))
+    Ok(Box::new(x11::X11ProxyInjector::new()?))
   }
 }
 

espanso-inject/src/x11/README.md

@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-Same approach as evdev, but the lookup logic is:
-
-#include <locale.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <X11/Xlibint.h>
-#include <X11/Xlib.h>
-#include <X11/Xutil.h>
-#include <X11/cursorfont.h>
-#include <X11/keysymdef.h>
-#include <X11/keysym.h>
-#include <X11/extensions/record.h>
-#include <X11/extensions/XTest.h>
-#include <X11/XKBlib.h>
-#include <X11/Xatom.h>
-
-Display *data_disp = NULL;
-
-int main() {
-    data_disp = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
-
-    for (int code = 0; code<256; code++) {
-        for (int state = 0; state < 256; state++) {
-        XKeyEvent event;
-    event.display     = data_disp;
-    event.window      = XDefaultRootWindow(data_disp);
-    event.root        = XDefaultRootWindow(data_disp);
-    event.subwindow   = None;
-    event.time        = 0;
-    event.x           = 1;
-    event.y           = 1;
-    event.x_root      = 1;
-    event.y_root      = 1;
-    event.same_screen = True;
-    event.keycode     = code + 8;
-    event.state       = state;
-    event.type = KeyPress;
-
-    char buffer[10];
-    int res = XLookupString(&event, buffer, 9, NULL, NULL);
-
-    printf("hey %d %d %s\n", code, state, buffer);
-    }
-    
-    }
-    
-}
-
-
-This way, we get the state mask associated with a character, and we can pass it directly when injecting a character:
-https://github.com/federico-terzi/espanso/blob/master/native/liblinuxbridge/fast_xdo.cpp#L37

espanso-inject/src/x11/default/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of espanso.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2019-2021 Federico Terzi
+ *
+ * espanso is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * espanso is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with espanso.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+use std::{
+  collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+  ffi::{CStr, CString},
+  os::raw::c_char,
+  slice,
+};
+
+use crate::x11::ffi::{
+  Display, KeyCode, KeyPress, KeyRelease, KeySym, Window, XCloseDisplay, XDefaultRootWindow,
+  XFlush, XFreeModifiermap, XGetInputFocus, XGetModifierMapping, XKeyEvent, XQueryKeymap,
+  XSendEvent, XSync, XTestFakeKeyEvent,
+};
+use libc::c_void;
+use log::{debug, error};
+
+use crate::{linux::raw_keys::convert_to_sym_array, x11::ffi::Xutf8LookupString};
+use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+use crate::{keys, InjectionOptions, Injector};
+
+use crate::x11::ffi::{
+  XCloseIM, XCreateIC, XDestroyIC, XFilterEvent, XFree, XIMPreeditNothing, XIMStatusNothing,
+  XNClientWindow_0, XNInputStyle_0, XOpenIM, XmbResetIC, XIC,
+};
+
+// Offset between evdev keycodes (where KEY_ESCAPE is 1), and the evdev XKB
+// keycode set (where ESC is 9).
+const EVDEV_OFFSET: u32 = 8;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct KeyPair {
+  // Keycode
+  code: u32,
+  // Modifier state which combined with the code produces the char
+  // This is a bit mask:
+  state: u32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct KeyRecord {
+  main: KeyPair,
+
+  // Under some keyboard layouts (de, es), a deadkey
+  // press might be needed to generate the right char
+  preceding_dead_key: Option<KeyPair>,
+}
+
+type CharMap = HashMap<String, KeyRecord>;
+type SymMap = HashMap<KeySym, KeyRecord>;
+
+pub struct X11DefaultInjector {
+  display: *mut Display,
+
+  char_map: CharMap,
+  sym_map: SymMap,
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::new_without_default)]
+impl X11DefaultInjector {
+  pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+    // Necessary to properly handle non-ascii chars
+    let empty_string = CString::new("")?;
+    unsafe {
+      libc::setlocale(libc::LC_ALL, empty_string.as_ptr());
+    }
+
+    let display = unsafe { crate::x11::ffi::XOpenDisplay(std::ptr::null()) };
+    if display.is_null() {
+      return Err(X11InjectorError::Init().into());
+    }
+
+    let (char_map, sym_map) = Self::generate_maps(display)?;
+
+    Ok(Self {
+      display,
+      char_map,
+      sym_map,
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn generate_maps(display: *mut Display) -> Result<(CharMap, SymMap)> {
+    debug!("generating key maps");
+
+    let mut char_map = HashMap::new();
+    let mut sym_map = HashMap::new();
+
+    let input_method = unsafe {
+      XOpenIM(
+        display,
+        std::ptr::null_mut(),
+        std::ptr::null_mut(),
+        std::ptr::null_mut(),
+      )
+    };
+    if input_method.is_null() {
+      bail!("could not open input method");
+    }
+    let _im_guard = scopeguard::guard((), |_| {
+      unsafe { XCloseIM(input_method) };
+    });
+
+    let input_context = unsafe {
+      XCreateIC(
+        input_method,
+        XNInputStyle_0.as_ptr(),
+        XIMPreeditNothing | XIMStatusNothing,
+        XNClientWindow_0.as_ptr(),
+        0,
+        std::ptr::null_mut(),
+      )
+    };
+    if input_context.is_null() {
+      bail!("could not open input context");
+    }
+    let _ic_guard = scopeguard::guard((), |_| {
+      unsafe { XDestroyIC(input_context) };
+    });
+
+    let deadkeys = Self::find_deadkeys(display, &input_context)?;
+
+    // Cycle through all state/code combinations to populate the reverse lookup tables
+    for key_code in 0..256u32 {
+      for modifier_state in 0..256u32 {
+        for dead_key in deadkeys.iter() {
+          let code_with_offset = key_code + EVDEV_OFFSET;
+
+          let preceding_dead_key = if let Some(dead_key) = dead_key {
+            let mut dead_key_event = XKeyEvent {
+              display,
+              keycode: dead_key.code,
+              state: dead_key.state,
+
+              // These might not even need to be filled
+              window: 0,
+              root: 0,
+              same_screen: 1,
+              time: 0,
+              type_: KeyPress,
+              x_root: 1,
+              y_root: 1,
+              x: 1,
+              y: 1,
+              subwindow: 0,
+              serial: 0,
+              send_event: 0,
+            };
+
+            unsafe { XFilterEvent(&mut dead_key_event, 0) };
+
+            Some(*dead_key)
+          } else {
+            None
+          };
+
+          let mut key_event = XKeyEvent {
+            display,
+            keycode: code_with_offset,
+            state: modifier_state,
+
+            // These might not even need to be filled
+            window: 0,
+            root: 0,
+            same_screen: 1,
+            time: 0,
+            type_: KeyPress,
+            x_root: 1,
+            y_root: 1,
+            x: 1,
+            y: 1,
+            subwindow: 0,
+            serial: 0,
+            send_event: 0,
+          };
+
+          unsafe { XFilterEvent(&mut key_event, 0) };
+          let mut sym: KeySym = 0;
+          let mut buffer: [c_char; 10] = [0; 10];
+
+          let result = unsafe {
+            Xutf8LookupString(
+              input_context,
+              &mut key_event,
+              buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+              (buffer.len() - 1) as i32,
+              &mut sym,
+              std::ptr::null_mut(),
+            )
+          };
+
+          let key_record = KeyRecord {
+            main: KeyPair {
+              code: code_with_offset,
+              state: modifier_state,
+            },
+            preceding_dead_key,
+          };
+
+          // Keysym was found
+          if sym != 0 {
+            sym_map.entry(sym).or_insert(key_record);
+          };
+
+          // Char was found
+          if result > 0 {
+            let raw_string = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(buffer.as_ptr()) };
+            let string = raw_string.to_string_lossy().to_string();
+            char_map.entry(string).or_insert(key_record);
+          };
+
+          // We need to reset the context state to prevent
+          // deadkeys effect to propagate to the next combination
+          let _reset = unsafe { XmbResetIC(input_context) };
+          unsafe { XFree(_reset as *mut c_void) };
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    debug!("Populated char_map with {} symbols", char_map.len());
+    debug!("Populated sym_map with {} symbols", sym_map.len());
+    debug!("Detected {} dead key combinations", deadkeys.len());
+
+    Ok((char_map, sym_map))
+  }
+
+  fn find_deadkeys(display: *mut Display, input_context: &XIC) -> Result<Vec<Option<KeyPair>>> {
+    let mut deadkeys = vec![None];
+    let mut seen_keysyms: HashSet<KeySym> = HashSet::new();
+
+    // Cycle through all state/code combinations to populate the reverse lookup tables
+    for key_code in 0..256u32 {
+      for modifier_state in 0..256u32 {
+        let code_with_offset = key_code + EVDEV_OFFSET;
+        let mut event = XKeyEvent {
+          display,
+          keycode: code_with_offset,
+          state: modifier_state,
+
+          // These might not even need to be filled
+          window: 0,
+          root: 0,
+          same_screen: 1,
+          time: 0,
+          type_: KeyPress,
+          x_root: 1,
+          y_root: 1,
+          x: 1,
+          y: 1,
+          subwindow: 0,
+          serial: 0,
+          send_event: 0,
+        };
+
+        let filter = unsafe { XFilterEvent(&mut event, 0) };
+        if filter == 1 {
+          let mut sym: KeySym = 0;
+          let mut buffer: [c_char; 10] = [0; 10];
+
+          unsafe {
+            Xutf8LookupString(
+              *input_context,
+              &mut event,
+              buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+              (buffer.len() - 1) as i32,
+              &mut sym,
+              std::ptr::null_mut(),
+            )
+          };
+
+          if sym != 0 && !seen_keysyms.contains(&sym) {
+            let key_record = KeyPair {
+              code: code_with_offset,
+              state: modifier_state,
+            };
+            deadkeys.push(Some(key_record));
+            seen_keysyms.insert(sym);
+          }
+        }
+
+        let _reset = unsafe { XmbResetIC(*input_context) };
+        unsafe { XFree(_reset as *mut c_void) };
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(deadkeys)
+  }
+
+  fn convert_to_record_array(&self, syms: &[KeySym]) -> Result<Vec<KeyRecord>> {
+    syms
+      .iter()
+      .map(|sym| {
+        self
+          .sym_map
+          .get(sym)
+          .cloned()
+          .ok_or_else(|| X11InjectorError::SymMapping(*sym).into())
+      })
+      .collect()
+  }
+
+  // This method was inspired by the wonderful xdotool by Jordan Sissel
+  // https://github.com/jordansissel/xdotool
+  fn get_modifier_codes(&self) -> Vec<Vec<KeyCode>> {
+    let modifiers_ptr = unsafe { XGetModifierMapping(self.display) };
+    let modifiers = unsafe { *modifiers_ptr };
+
+    let mut modifiers_codes = Vec::new();
+
+    for mod_index in 0..=7 {
+      let mut modifier_codes = Vec::new();
+      for mod_key in 0..modifiers.max_keypermod {
+        let modifier_map = unsafe {
+          slice::from_raw_parts(
+            modifiers.modifiermap,
+            (8 * modifiers.max_keypermod) as usize,
+          )
+        };
+        let keycode = modifier_map[(mod_index * modifiers.max_keypermod + mod_key) as usize];
+        if keycode != 0 {
+          modifier_codes.push(keycode);
+        }
+      }
+      modifiers_codes.push(modifier_codes);
+    }
+
+    unsafe { XFreeModifiermap(modifiers_ptr) };
+
+    modifiers_codes
+  }
+
+  fn render_key_combination(&self, original_records: &[KeyRecord]) -> Vec<KeyRecord> {
+    let modifiers_codes = self.get_modifier_codes();
+    let mut records = Vec::new();
+
+    let mut current_state = 0u32;
+    for record in original_records {
+      let mut current_record = *record;
+
+      // Render the state by applying the modifiers
+      for (mod_index, modifier) in modifiers_codes.iter().enumerate() {
+        if modifier.contains(&(record.main.code as u8)) {
+          current_state |= 1 << mod_index;
+        }
+      }
+
+      current_record.main.state = current_state;
+      records.push(current_record);
+    }
+
+    records
+  }
+
+  fn get_focused_window(&self) -> Window {
+    let mut focused_window: Window = 0;
+    let mut revert_to = 0;
+    unsafe {
+      XGetInputFocus(self.display, &mut focused_window, &mut revert_to);
+    }
+    focused_window
+  }
+
+  fn send_key(&self, window: Window, record: &KeyPair, pressed: bool, delay_us: u32) {
+    let root_window = unsafe { XDefaultRootWindow(self.display) };
+    let mut event = XKeyEvent {
+      display: self.display,
+      keycode: record.code,
+      state: record.state,
+      window,
+      root: root_window,
+      same_screen: 1,
+      time: 0,
+      type_: if pressed { KeyPress } else { KeyRelease },
+      x_root: 1,
+      y_root: 1,
+      x: 1,
+      y: 1,
+      subwindow: 0,
+      serial: 0,
+      send_event: 0,
+    };
+    unsafe {
+      XSendEvent(self.display, window, 1, 0, &mut event);
+      XFlush(self.display);
+    }
+
+    if delay_us != 0 {
+      unsafe {
+        libc::usleep(delay_us);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn xtest_send_modifiers(&self, modmask: u32, pressed: bool) {
+    let modifiers_codes = self.get_modifier_codes();
+    for (mod_index, modifier_codes) in modifiers_codes.into_iter().enumerate() {
+      if (modmask & (1 << mod_index)) != 0 {
+        for keycode in modifier_codes {
+          let is_press = if pressed { 1 } else { 0 };
+          unsafe {
+            XTestFakeKeyEvent(self.display, keycode as u32, is_press, 0);
+            XSync(self.display, 0);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn xtest_send_key(&self, record: &KeyPair, pressed: bool, delay_us: u32) {
+    // If the key requires any modifier, we need to send those events
+    if record.state != 0 {
+      self.xtest_send_modifiers(record.state, pressed);
+    }
+
+    let is_press = if pressed { 1 } else { 0 };
+    unsafe {
+      XTestFakeKeyEvent(self.display, record.code, is_press, 0);
+      XSync(self.display, 0);
+      XFlush(self.display);
+    }
+
+    if delay_us != 0 {
+      unsafe {
+        libc::usleep(delay_us);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn xtest_release_all_keys(&self) {
+    let mut keys: [u8; 32] = [0; 32];
+    unsafe {
+      XQueryKeymap(self.display, keys.as_mut_ptr());
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
+    for i in 0..32 {
+      // Only those that are pressed should be changed
+      if keys[i] != 0 {
+        for k in 0..8 {
+          if (keys[i] & (1 << k)) != 0 {
+            let key_code = i * 8 + k;
+            unsafe {
+              XTestFakeKeyEvent(self.display, key_code as u32, 0, 0);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl Drop for X11DefaultInjector {
+  fn drop(&mut self) {
+    unsafe {
+      XCloseDisplay(self.display);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+impl Injector for X11DefaultInjector {
+  fn send_string(&self, string: &str, options: InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
+    let focused_window = self.get_focused_window();
+
+    if options.disable_fast_inject {
+      self.xtest_release_all_keys();
+    }
+
+    // Compute all the key record sequence first to make sure a mapping is available
+    let records: Result<Vec<KeyRecord>> = string
+      .chars()
+      .map(|c| c.to_string())
+      .map(|char| {
+        self
+          .char_map
+          .get(&char)
+          .cloned()
+          .ok_or_else(|| X11InjectorError::CharMapping(char).into())
+      })
+      .collect();
+
+    let delay_us = options.delay as u32 * 1000; // Convert to micro seconds
+
+    for record in records? {
+      if options.disable_fast_inject {
+        if let Some(deadkey) = &record.preceding_dead_key {
+          self.xtest_send_key(deadkey, true, delay_us);
+          self.xtest_send_key(deadkey, false, delay_us);
+        }
+
+        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, true, delay_us);
+        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, false, delay_us);
+      } else {
+        if let Some(deadkey) = &record.preceding_dead_key {
+          self.send_key(focused_window, deadkey, true, delay_us);
+          self.send_key(focused_window, deadkey, false, delay_us);
+        }
+
+        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, true, delay_us);
+        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, false, delay_us);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn send_keys(&self, keys: &[keys::Key], options: InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
+    let focused_window = self.get_focused_window();
+
+    // Compute all the key record sequence first to make sure a mapping is available
+    let syms = convert_to_sym_array(keys)?;
+    let records = self.convert_to_record_array(&syms)?;
+
+    if options.disable_fast_inject {
+      self.xtest_release_all_keys();
+    }
+
+    let delay_us = options.delay as u32 * 1000; // Convert to micro seconds
+
+    for record in records {
+      if options.disable_fast_inject {
+        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, true, delay_us);
+        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, false, delay_us);
+      } else {
+        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, true, delay_us);
+        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, false, delay_us);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn send_key_combination(&self, keys: &[keys::Key], options: InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
+    let focused_window = self.get_focused_window();
+
+    // Compute all the key record sequence first to make sure a mapping is available
+    let syms = convert_to_sym_array(keys)?;
+    let records = self.convert_to_record_array(&syms)?;
+
+    // Render the correct modifier mask for the given sequence
+    let records = self.render_key_combination(&records);
+
+    if options.disable_fast_inject {
+      self.xtest_release_all_keys();
+    }
+
+    let delay_us = options.delay as u32 * 1000; // Convert to micro seconds
+
+    // First press the keys
+    for record in records.iter() {
+      if options.disable_fast_inject {
+        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, true, delay_us);
+      } else {
+        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, true, delay_us);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Then release them
+    for record in records.iter().rev() {
+      if options.disable_fast_inject {
+        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, false, delay_us);
+      } else {
+        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, false, delay_us);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum X11InjectorError {
+  #[error("failed to initialize x11 display")]
+  Init(),
+
+  #[error("missing vkey mapping for char `{0}`")]
+  CharMapping(String),
+
+  #[error("missing record mapping for sym `{0}`")]
+  SymMapping(u64),
+}

espanso-inject/src/x11/ffi.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
   os::raw::{c_char, c_long, c_uint, c_ulong},
 };
 
-use libc::c_int;
+use libc::{c_int, c_uchar};
 
 pub enum Display {}
 pub type Window = u64;
@@ -123,4 +123,6 @@ extern "C" {
   pub fn XFilterEvent(event: *mut XKeyEvent, window: c_ulong) -> c_int;
   pub fn XCloseIM(input_method: XIM) -> c_int;
   pub fn XFree(data: *mut c_void) -> c_int;
+  pub fn XKeycodeToKeysym(display: *mut Display, keycode: c_uchar, index: c_int) -> c_ulong;
+  pub fn XKeysymToString(keysym: c_ulong) -> *mut c_char;
 }

espanso-inject/src/x11/mod.rs

@@ -17,584 +17,89 @@
  * along with espanso.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
+use crate::Injector;
+
+use anyhow::{bail, ensure, Result};
+use log::{error, warn};
+
+mod default;
 mod ffi;
+mod xdotool;
 
-use std::{
+pub struct X11ProxyInjector {
-  collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+  default_injector: Option<default::X11DefaultInjector>,
-  ffi::{CStr, CString},
+  xdotool_injector: Option<xdotool::X11XDOToolInjector>,
-  os::raw::c_char,
-  slice,
-};
-
-use ffi::{
-  Display, KeyCode, KeyPress, KeyRelease, KeySym, Window, XCloseDisplay, XDefaultRootWindow,
-  XFlush, XFreeModifiermap, XGetInputFocus, XGetModifierMapping, XKeyEvent, XQueryKeymap,
-  XSendEvent, XSync, XTestFakeKeyEvent,
-};
-use libc::c_void;
-use log::{debug, error};
-
-use crate::{linux::raw_keys::convert_to_sym_array, x11::ffi::Xutf8LookupString};
-use anyhow::{bail, Result};
-use thiserror::Error;
-
-use crate::{keys, InjectionOptions, Injector};
-
-use self::ffi::{
-  XCloseIM, XCreateIC, XDestroyIC, XFilterEvent, XFree, XIMPreeditNothing, XIMStatusNothing,
-  XNClientWindow_0, XNInputStyle_0, XOpenIM, XmbResetIC, XIC,
-};
-
-// Offset between evdev keycodes (where KEY_ESCAPE is 1), and the evdev XKB
-// keycode set (where ESC is 9).
-const EVDEV_OFFSET: u32 = 8;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
-struct KeyPair {
-  // Keycode
-  code: u32,
-  // Modifier state which combined with the code produces the char
-  // This is a bit mask:
-  state: u32,
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+impl X11ProxyInjector {
-struct KeyRecord {
-  main: KeyPair,
-
-  // Under some keyboard layouts (de, es), a deadkey
-  // press might be needed to generate the right char
-  preceding_dead_key: Option<KeyPair>,
-}
-
-type CharMap = HashMap<String, KeyRecord>;
-type SymMap = HashMap<KeySym, KeyRecord>;
-
-pub struct X11Injector {
-  display: *mut Display,
-
-  char_map: CharMap,
-  sym_map: SymMap,
-}
-
-#[allow(clippy::new_without_default)]
-impl X11Injector {
   pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
-    // Necessary to properly handle non-ascii chars
+    let default_injector = match default::X11DefaultInjector::new() {
-    let empty_string = CString::new("")?;
+      Ok(injector) => Some(injector),
-    unsafe {
+      Err(err) => {
-      libc::setlocale(libc::LC_ALL, empty_string.as_ptr());
+        error!("X11DefaultInjector could not be initialized: {:?}", err);
-    }
+        warn!("falling back to xdotool injector");
-
-    let display = unsafe { ffi::XOpenDisplay(std::ptr::null()) };
-    if display.is_null() {
-      return Err(X11InjectorError::Init().into());
-    }
-
-    let (char_map, sym_map) = Self::generate_maps(display)?;
-
-    Ok(Self {
-      display,
-      char_map,
-      sym_map,
-    })
-  }
-
-  fn generate_maps(display: *mut Display) -> Result<(CharMap, SymMap)> {
-    debug!("generating key maps");
-
-    let mut char_map = HashMap::new();
-    let mut sym_map = HashMap::new();
-
-    let input_method = unsafe {
-      XOpenIM(
-        display,
-        std::ptr::null_mut(),
-        std::ptr::null_mut(),
-        std::ptr::null_mut(),
-      )
-    };
-    if input_method.is_null() {
-      bail!("could not open input method");
-    }
-    let _im_guard = scopeguard::guard((), |_| {
-      unsafe { XCloseIM(input_method) };
-    });
-
-    let input_context = unsafe {
-      XCreateIC(
-        input_method,
-        XNInputStyle_0.as_ptr(),
-        XIMPreeditNothing | XIMStatusNothing,
-        XNClientWindow_0.as_ptr(),
-        0,
-        std::ptr::null_mut(),
-      )
-    };
-    if input_context.is_null() {
-      bail!("could not open input context");
-    }
-    let _ic_guard = scopeguard::guard((), |_| {
-      unsafe { XDestroyIC(input_context) };
-    });
-
-    let deadkeys = Self::find_deadkeys(display, &input_context)?;
-
-    // Cycle through all state/code combinations to populate the reverse lookup tables
-    for key_code in 0..256u32 {
-      for modifier_state in 0..256u32 {
-        for dead_key in deadkeys.iter() {
-          let code_with_offset = key_code + EVDEV_OFFSET;
-
-          let preceding_dead_key = if let Some(dead_key) = dead_key {
-            let mut dead_key_event = XKeyEvent {
-              display,
-              keycode: dead_key.code,
-              state: dead_key.state,
-
-              // These might not even need to be filled
-              window: 0,
-              root: 0,
-              same_screen: 1,
-              time: 0,
-              type_: KeyPress,
-              x_root: 1,
-              y_root: 1,
-              x: 1,
-              y: 1,
-              subwindow: 0,
-              serial: 0,
-              send_event: 0,
-            };
-
-            unsafe { XFilterEvent(&mut dead_key_event, 0) };
-
-            Some(*dead_key)
-          } else {
         None
+      }
     };
 
-          let mut key_event = XKeyEvent {
+    let xdotool_injector = match xdotool::X11XDOToolInjector::new() {
-            display,
+      Ok(injector) => Some(injector),
-            keycode: code_with_offset,
+      Err(err) => {
-            state: modifier_state,
+        error!("X11XDOToolInjector could not be initialized: {:?}", err);
-
+        None
-            // These might not even need to be filled
+      }
-            window: 0,
-            root: 0,
-            same_screen: 1,
-            time: 0,
-            type_: KeyPress,
-            x_root: 1,
-            y_root: 1,
-            x: 1,
-            y: 1,
-            subwindow: 0,
-            serial: 0,
-            send_event: 0,
     };
 
-          unsafe { XFilterEvent(&mut key_event, 0) };
+    if default_injector.is_none() && xdotool_injector.is_none() {
-          let mut sym: KeySym = 0;
+      bail!("unable to initialize injectors, neither the default or xdotool fallback could be initialized");
-          let mut buffer: [c_char; 10] = [0; 10];
-
-          let result = unsafe {
-            Xutf8LookupString(
-              input_context,
-              &mut key_event,
-              buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
-              (buffer.len() - 1) as i32,
-              &mut sym,
-              std::ptr::null_mut(),
-            )
-          };
-
-          let key_record = KeyRecord {
-            main: KeyPair {
-              code: code_with_offset,
-              state: modifier_state,
-            },
-            preceding_dead_key,
-          };
-
-          // Keysym was found
-          if sym != 0 {
-            sym_map.entry(sym).or_insert(key_record);
-          };
-
-          // Char was found
-          if result > 0 {
-            let raw_string = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(buffer.as_ptr()) };
-            let string = raw_string.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-            char_map.entry(string).or_insert(key_record);
-          };
-
-          // We need to reset the context state to prevent
-          // deadkeys effect to propagate to the next combination
-          let _reset = unsafe { XmbResetIC(input_context) };
-          unsafe { XFree(_reset as *mut c_void) };
-        }
-      }
     }
 
-    debug!("Populated char_map with {} symbols", char_map.len());
+    Ok(X11ProxyInjector {
-    debug!("Populated sym_map with {} symbols", sym_map.len());
+      default_injector,
-    debug!("Detected {} dead key combinations", deadkeys.len());
+      xdotool_injector,
-
-    Ok((char_map, sym_map))
-  }
-
-  fn find_deadkeys(display: *mut Display, input_context: &XIC) -> Result<Vec<Option<KeyPair>>> {
-    let mut deadkeys = vec![None];
-    let mut seen_keysyms: HashSet<KeySym> = HashSet::new();
-
-    // Cycle through all state/code combinations to populate the reverse lookup tables
-    for key_code in 0..256u32 {
-      for modifier_state in 0..256u32 {
-        let code_with_offset = key_code + EVDEV_OFFSET;
-        let mut event = XKeyEvent {
-          display,
-          keycode: code_with_offset,
-          state: modifier_state,
-
-          // These might not even need to be filled
-          window: 0,
-          root: 0,
-          same_screen: 1,
-          time: 0,
-          type_: KeyPress,
-          x_root: 1,
-          y_root: 1,
-          x: 1,
-          y: 1,
-          subwindow: 0,
-          serial: 0,
-          send_event: 0,
-        };
-
-        let filter = unsafe { XFilterEvent(&mut event, 0) };
-        if filter == 1 {
-          let mut sym: KeySym = 0;
-          let mut buffer: [c_char; 10] = [0; 10];
-
-          unsafe {
-            Xutf8LookupString(
-              *input_context,
-              &mut event,
-              buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
-              (buffer.len() - 1) as i32,
-              &mut sym,
-              std::ptr::null_mut(),
-            )
-          };
-
-          if sym != 0 && !seen_keysyms.contains(&sym) {
-            let key_record = KeyPair {
-              code: code_with_offset,
-              state: modifier_state,
-            };
-            deadkeys.push(Some(key_record));
-            seen_keysyms.insert(sym);
-          }
-        }
-
-        let _reset = unsafe { XmbResetIC(*input_context) };
-        unsafe { XFree(_reset as *mut c_void) };
-      }
-    }
-
-    Ok(deadkeys)
-  }
-
-  fn convert_to_record_array(&self, syms: &[KeySym]) -> Result<Vec<KeyRecord>> {
-    syms
-      .iter()
-      .map(|sym| {
-        self
-          .sym_map
-          .get(sym)
-          .cloned()
-          .ok_or_else(|| X11InjectorError::SymMapping(*sym).into())
     })
-      .collect()
   }
 
-  // This method was inspired by the wonderful xdotool by Jordan Sissel
+  fn get_active_injector(&self, options: &crate::InjectionOptions) -> Result<&dyn Injector> {
-  // https://github.com/jordansissel/xdotool
+    ensure!(
-  fn get_modifier_codes(&self) -> Vec<Vec<KeyCode>> {
+      self.default_injector.is_some() || self.xdotool_injector.is_some(),
-    let modifiers_ptr = unsafe { XGetModifierMapping(self.display) };
+      "unable to get active injector, neither default or xdotool fallback are available."
-    let modifiers = unsafe { *modifiers_ptr };
+    );
 
-    let mut modifiers_codes = Vec::new();
+    if options.x11_use_xdotool_fallback {
-
+      if let Some(xdotool_injector) = self.xdotool_injector.as_ref() {
-    for mod_index in 0..=7 {
+        return Ok(xdotool_injector);
-      let mut modifier_codes = Vec::new();
+      } else if let Some(default_injector) = self.default_injector.as_ref() {
-      for mod_key in 0..modifiers.max_keypermod {
+        return Ok(default_injector);
-        let modifier_map = unsafe {
-          slice::from_raw_parts(
-            modifiers.modifiermap,
-            (8 * modifiers.max_keypermod) as usize,
-          )
-        };
-        let keycode = modifier_map[(mod_index * modifiers.max_keypermod + mod_key) as usize];
-        if keycode != 0 {
-          modifier_codes.push(keycode);
       }
-      }
+    } else if let Some(default_injector) = self.default_injector.as_ref() {
-      modifiers_codes.push(modifier_codes);
+      return Ok(default_injector);
+    } else if let Some(xdotool_injector) = self.xdotool_injector.as_ref() {
+      return Ok(xdotool_injector);
     }
 
-    unsafe { XFreeModifiermap(modifiers_ptr) };
+    unreachable!()
-
-    modifiers_codes
-  }
-
-  fn render_key_combination(&self, original_records: &[KeyRecord]) -> Vec<KeyRecord> {
-    let modifiers_codes = self.get_modifier_codes();
-    let mut records = Vec::new();
-
-    let mut current_state = 0u32;
-    for record in original_records {
-      let mut current_record = *record;
-
-      // Render the state by applying the modifiers
-      for (mod_index, modifier) in modifiers_codes.iter().enumerate() {
-        if modifier.contains(&(record.main.code as u8)) {
-          current_state |= 1 << mod_index;
-        }
-      }
-
-      current_record.main.state = current_state;
-      records.push(current_record);
-    }
-
-    records
-  }
-
-  fn get_focused_window(&self) -> Window {
-    let mut focused_window: Window = 0;
-    let mut revert_to = 0;
-    unsafe {
-      XGetInputFocus(self.display, &mut focused_window, &mut revert_to);
-    }
-    focused_window
-  }
-
-  fn send_key(&self, window: Window, record: &KeyPair, pressed: bool, delay_us: u32) {
-    let root_window = unsafe { XDefaultRootWindow(self.display) };
-    let mut event = XKeyEvent {
-      display: self.display,
-      keycode: record.code,
-      state: record.state,
-      window,
-      root: root_window,
-      same_screen: 1,
-      time: 0,
-      type_: if pressed { KeyPress } else { KeyRelease },
-      x_root: 1,
-      y_root: 1,
-      x: 1,
-      y: 1,
-      subwindow: 0,
-      serial: 0,
-      send_event: 0,
-    };
-    unsafe {
-      XSendEvent(self.display, window, 1, 0, &mut event);
-      XFlush(self.display);
-    }
-
-    if delay_us != 0 {
-      unsafe {
-        libc::usleep(delay_us);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn xtest_send_modifiers(&self, modmask: u32, pressed: bool) {
-    let modifiers_codes = self.get_modifier_codes();
-    for (mod_index, modifier_codes) in modifiers_codes.into_iter().enumerate() {
-      if (modmask & (1 << mod_index)) != 0 {
-        for keycode in modifier_codes {
-          let is_press = if pressed { 1 } else { 0 };
-          unsafe {
-            XTestFakeKeyEvent(self.display, keycode as u32, is_press, 0);
-            XSync(self.display, 0);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn xtest_send_key(&self, record: &KeyPair, pressed: bool, delay_us: u32) {
-    // If the key requires any modifier, we need to send those events
-    if record.state != 0 {
-      self.xtest_send_modifiers(record.state, pressed);
-    }
-
-    let is_press = if pressed { 1 } else { 0 };
-    unsafe {
-      XTestFakeKeyEvent(self.display, record.code, is_press, 0);
-      XSync(self.display, 0);
-      XFlush(self.display);
-    }
-
-    if delay_us != 0 {
-      unsafe {
-        libc::usleep(delay_us);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  fn xtest_release_all_keys(&self) {
-    let mut keys: [u8; 32] = [0; 32];
-    unsafe {
-      XQueryKeymap(self.display, keys.as_mut_ptr());
-    }
-
-    #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
-    for i in 0..32 {
-      // Only those that are pressed should be changed
-      if keys[i] != 0 {
-        for k in 0..8 {
-          if (keys[i] & (1 << k)) != 0 {
-            let key_code = i * 8 + k;
-            unsafe {
-              XTestFakeKeyEvent(self.display, key_code as u32, 0, 0);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
   }
 }
 
-impl Drop for X11Injector {
+impl Injector for X11ProxyInjector {
-  fn drop(&mut self) {
+  fn send_string(&self, string: &str, options: crate::InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
-    unsafe {
-      XCloseDisplay(self.display);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-impl Injector for X11Injector {
-  fn send_string(&self, string: &str, options: InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
-    let focused_window = self.get_focused_window();
-
-    if options.disable_fast_inject {
-      self.xtest_release_all_keys();
-    }
-
-    // Compute all the key record sequence first to make sure a mapping is available
-    let records: Result<Vec<KeyRecord>> = string
-      .chars()
-      .map(|c| c.to_string())
-      .map(|char| {
     self
-          .char_map
+      .get_active_injector(&options)?
-          .get(&char)
+      .send_string(string, options)
-          .cloned()
-          .ok_or_else(|| X11InjectorError::CharMapping(char).into())
-      })
-      .collect();
-
-    let delay_us = options.delay as u32 * 1000; // Convert to micro seconds
-
-    for record in records? {
-      if options.disable_fast_inject {
-        if let Some(deadkey) = &record.preceding_dead_key {
-          self.xtest_send_key(deadkey, true, delay_us);
-          self.xtest_send_key(deadkey, false, delay_us);
   }
 
-        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, true, delay_us);
+  fn send_keys(&self, keys: &[crate::keys::Key], options: crate::InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
-        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, false, delay_us);
+    self.get_active_injector(&options)?.send_keys(keys, options)
-      } else {
-        if let Some(deadkey) = &record.preceding_dead_key {
-          self.send_key(focused_window, deadkey, true, delay_us);
-          self.send_key(focused_window, deadkey, false, delay_us);
   }
 
-        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, true, delay_us);
+  fn send_key_combination(
-        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, false, delay_us);
+    &self,
-      }
+    keys: &[crate::keys::Key],
-    }
+    options: crate::InjectionOptions,
-
+  ) -> Result<()> {
-    Ok(())
+    self
-  }
+      .get_active_injector(&options)?
-
+      .send_key_combination(keys, options)
-  fn send_keys(&self, keys: &[keys::Key], options: InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
-    let focused_window = self.get_focused_window();
-
-    // Compute all the key record sequence first to make sure a mapping is available
-    let syms = convert_to_sym_array(keys)?;
-    let records = self.convert_to_record_array(&syms)?;
-
-    if options.disable_fast_inject {
-      self.xtest_release_all_keys();
-    }
-
-    let delay_us = options.delay as u32 * 1000; // Convert to micro seconds
-
-    for record in records {
-      if options.disable_fast_inject {
-        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, true, delay_us);
-        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, false, delay_us);
-      } else {
-        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, true, delay_us);
-        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, false, delay_us);
-      }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-  }
-
-  fn send_key_combination(&self, keys: &[keys::Key], options: InjectionOptions) -> Result<()> {
-    let focused_window = self.get_focused_window();
-
-    // Compute all the key record sequence first to make sure a mapping is available
-    let syms = convert_to_sym_array(keys)?;
-    let records = self.convert_to_record_array(&syms)?;
-
-    // Render the correct modifier mask for the given sequence
-    let records = self.render_key_combination(&records);
-
-    if options.disable_fast_inject {
-      self.xtest_release_all_keys();
-    }
-
-    let delay_us = options.delay as u32 * 1000; // Convert to micro seconds
-
-    // First press the keys
-    for record in records.iter() {
-      if options.disable_fast_inject {
-        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, true, delay_us);
-      } else {
-        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, true, delay_us);
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Then release them
-    for record in records.iter().rev() {
-      if options.disable_fast_inject {
-        self.xtest_send_key(&record.main, false, delay_us);
-      } else {
-        self.send_key(focused_window, &record.main, false, delay_us);
-      }
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
   }
 }
-
-#[derive(Error, Debug)]
-pub enum X11InjectorError {
-  #[error("failed to initialize x11 display")]
-  Init(),
-
-  #[error("missing vkey mapping for char `{0}`")]
-  CharMapping(String),
-
-  #[error("missing record mapping for sym `{0}`")]
-  SymMapping(u64),
-}

espanso-inject/src/x11/xdotool/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+This is a fallback injection module that relies on the awesome xdotool project: 
+https://github.com/jordansissel/xdotool

espanso-inject/src/x11/xdotool/ffi.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use libc::{c_char, c_int, c_long, useconds_t, wchar_t};
+
+use crate::x11::ffi::{Display, Window};
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct charcodemap_t {
+  pub key: wchar_t,
+  pub code: c_char,
+  pub symbol: c_long,
+  pub group: c_int,
+  pub modmask: c_int,
+  pub needs_binding: c_int,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct xdo_t {
+  pub xdpy: *mut Display,
+  pub display_name: *const c_char,
+  pub charcodes: *const charcodemap_t,
+  pub charcodes_len: c_int,
+  pub keycode_high: c_int,
+  pub keycode_low: c_int,
+  pub keysyms_per_keycode: c_int,
+  pub close_display_when_freed: c_int,
+  pub quiet: c_int,
+  pub debug: c_int,
+  pub features_mask: c_int,
+}
+
+pub const CURRENTWINDOW: u64 = 0;
+
+#[link(name = "xdotoolvendor", kind = "static")]
+extern "C" {
+  pub fn xdo_new(display: *const c_char) -> *mut xdo_t;
+  pub fn xdo_free(xdo: *const xdo_t);
+  pub fn xdo_enter_text_window(
+    xdo: *const xdo_t,
+    window: Window,
+    string: *const c_char,
+    delay: useconds_t,
+  );
+  pub fn xdo_send_keysequence_window(
+    xdo: *const xdo_t,
+    window: Window,
+    keysequence: *const c_char,
+    delay: useconds_t,
+  );
+  pub fn fast_send_event(xdo: *const xdo_t, window: Window, keycode: c_int, pressed: c_int);
+  pub fn fast_enter_text_window(
+    xdo: *const xdo_t,
+    window: Window,
+    string: *const c_char,
+    delay: useconds_t,
+  );
+  pub fn fast_send_keysequence_window(
+    xdo: *const xdo_t,
+    window: Window,
+    keysequence: *const c_char,
+    delay: useconds_t,
+  );
+}

espanso-inject/src/x11/xdotool/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of espanso.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2019-2022 Federico Terzi
+ *
+ * espanso is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * espanso is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with espanso.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+use std::{
+  convert::TryInto,
+  ffi::{CStr, CString},
+};
+
+use crate::Injector;
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use log::debug;
+
+mod ffi;
+use self::ffi::{fast_send_keysequence_window, xdo_send_keysequence_window, xdo_t, CURRENTWINDOW};
+
+use super::ffi::{
+  Display, Window, XGetInputFocus, XKeycodeToKeysym, XKeysymToString, XQueryKeymap,
+  XTestFakeKeyEvent,
+};
+
+pub struct X11XDOToolInjector {
+  xdo: *const xdo_t,
+}
+
+impl X11XDOToolInjector {
+  pub fn new() -> Result<Self> {
+    let xdo = unsafe { ffi::xdo_new(std::ptr::null()) };
+    if xdo.is_null() {
+      bail!("unable to initialize xdo_t instance");
+    }
+
+    debug!("initialized xdo_t object");
+
+    Ok(Self { xdo })
+  }
+
+  fn xfake_release_all_keys(&self) {
+    let mut keys: [u8; 32] = [0; 32];
+    unsafe {
+      XQueryKeymap((*self.xdo).xdpy, keys.as_mut_ptr());
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
+    for i in 0..32 {
+      // Only those that are pressed should be changed
+      if keys[i] != 0 {
+        for k in 0..8 {
+          if (keys[i] & (1 << k)) != 0 {
+            let key_code = i * 8 + k;
+            unsafe {
+              XTestFakeKeyEvent((*self.xdo).xdpy, key_code as u32, 0, 0);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn get_focused_window(&self) -> Window {
+    let mut focused_window: Window = 0;
+    let mut revert_to = 0;
+    unsafe {
+      XGetInputFocus((*self.xdo).xdpy, &mut focused_window, &mut revert_to);
+    }
+    focused_window
+  }
+
+  fn xfake_send_string(
+    &self,
+    string: &str,
+    options: crate::InjectionOptions,
+  ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    // It may happen that when an expansion is triggered, some keys are still pressed.
+    // This causes a problem if the expanded match contains that character, as the injection
+    // will not be able to register that keypress (as it is already pressed).
+    // To solve the problem, before an expansion we get which keys are currently pressed
+    // and inject a key_release event so that they can be further registered.
+    self.xfake_release_all_keys();
+
+    let c_string = CString::new(string).context("unable to create CString")?;
+    let delay = options.delay * 1000;
+
+    unsafe {
+      ffi::xdo_enter_text_window(
+        self.xdo,
+        CURRENTWINDOW,
+        c_string.as_ptr(),
+        delay.try_into().unwrap(),
+      );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn fast_release_all_keys(&self) {
+    let mut keys: [u8; 32] = [0; 32];
+    unsafe {
+      XQueryKeymap((*self.xdo).xdpy, keys.as_mut_ptr());
+    }
+
+    let focused_window = self.get_focused_window();
+
+    #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
+    for i in 0..32 {
+      // Only those that are pressed should be changed
+      if keys[i] != 0 {
+        for k in 0..8 {
+          if (keys[i] & (1 << k)) != 0 {
+            let key_code = i * 8 + k;
+            unsafe {
+              ffi::fast_send_event(self.xdo, focused_window, key_code.try_into().unwrap(), 0);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn fast_send_string(&self, string: &str, options: crate::InjectionOptions) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    // It may happen that when an expansion is triggered, some keys are still pressed.
+    // This causes a problem if the expanded match contains that character, as the injection
+    // will not be able to register that keypress (as it is already pressed).
+    // To solve the problem, before an expansion we get which keys are currently pressed
+    // and inject a key_release event so that they can be further registered.
+    self.fast_release_all_keys();
+
+    let c_string = CString::new(string).context("unable to create CString")?;
+    let delay = options.delay * 1000;
+
+    unsafe {
+      ffi::fast_enter_text_window(
+        self.xdo,
+        self.get_focused_window(),
+        c_string.as_ptr(),
+        delay.try_into().unwrap(),
+      );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}
+
+impl Injector for X11XDOToolInjector {
+  fn send_string(&self, string: &str, options: crate::InjectionOptions) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    if options.disable_fast_inject {
+      self.xfake_send_string(string, options)
+    } else {
+      self.fast_send_string(string, options)
+    }
+  }
+
+  fn send_keys(
+    &self,
+    keys: &[crate::keys::Key],
+    options: crate::InjectionOptions,
+  ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let key_syms: Vec<String> = keys
+      .iter()
+      .filter_map(|key| unsafe { convert_key_to_keysym((*self.xdo).xdpy, key) })
+      .collect();
+
+    let delay = options.delay * 1000;
+
+    for key in key_syms {
+      let c_str = CString::new(key).context("unable to generate CString")?;
+
+      if options.disable_fast_inject {
+        unsafe {
+          xdo_send_keysequence_window(
+            self.xdo,
+            CURRENTWINDOW,
+            c_str.as_ptr(),
+            delay.try_into().unwrap(),
+          );
+        }
+      } else {
+        unsafe {
+          fast_send_keysequence_window(
+            self.xdo,
+            self.get_focused_window(),
+            c_str.as_ptr(),
+            delay.try_into().unwrap(),
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+
+  fn send_key_combination(
+    &self,
+    keys: &[crate::keys::Key],
+    options: crate::InjectionOptions,
+  ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let key_syms: Vec<String> = keys
+      .iter()
+      .filter_map(|key| unsafe { convert_key_to_keysym((*self.xdo).xdpy, key) })
+      .collect();
+    let key_combination = key_syms.join("+");
+
+    let delay = options.delay * 1000;
+
+    let c_key_combination = CString::new(key_combination).context("unable to generate CString")?;
+
+    if options.disable_fast_inject {
+      unsafe {
+        xdo_send_keysequence_window(
+          self.xdo,
+          CURRENTWINDOW,
+          c_key_combination.as_ptr(),
+          delay.try_into().unwrap(),
+        );
+      }
+    } else {
+      unsafe {
+        fast_send_keysequence_window(
+          self.xdo,
+          self.get_focused_window(),
+          c_key_combination.as_ptr(),
+          delay.try_into().unwrap(),
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+  }
+}
+
+impl Drop for X11XDOToolInjector {
+  fn drop(&mut self) {
+    unsafe { ffi::xdo_free(self.xdo) }
+  }
+}
+
+fn convert_key_to_keysym(display: *mut Display, key: &crate::keys::Key) -> Option<String> {
+  match key {
+    crate::keys::Key::Alt => Some("Alt_L".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::CapsLock => Some("Caps_Lock".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Control => Some("Control_L".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Meta => Some("Meta_L".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::NumLock => Some("Num_Lock".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Shift => Some("Shift_L".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Enter => Some("Return".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Tab => Some("Tab".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Space => Some("space".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::ArrowDown => Some("downarrow".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::ArrowLeft => Some("leftarrow".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::ArrowRight => Some("rightarrow".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::ArrowUp => Some("uparrow".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::End => Some("End".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Home => Some("Home".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::PageDown => Some("Page_Down".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::PageUp => Some("Page_Up".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Escape => Some("Escape".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Backspace => Some("BackSpace".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Insert => Some("Insert".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Delete => Some("Delete".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F1 => Some("F1".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F2 => Some("F2".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F3 => Some("F3".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F4 => Some("F4".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F5 => Some("F5".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F6 => Some("F6".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F7 => Some("F7".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F8 => Some("F8".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F9 => Some("F9".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F10 => Some("F10".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F11 => Some("F11".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F12 => Some("F12".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F13 => Some("F13".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F14 => Some("F14".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F15 => Some("F15".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F16 => Some("F16".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F17 => Some("F17".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F18 => Some("F18".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F19 => Some("F19".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F20 => Some("F20".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::A => Some("a".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::B => Some("b".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::C => Some("c".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::D => Some("d".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::E => Some("e".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::F => Some("f".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::G => Some("g".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::H => Some("h".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::I => Some("i".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::J => Some("j".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::K => Some("k".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::L => Some("l".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::M => Some("m".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N => Some("n".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::O => Some("o".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::P => Some("p".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Q => Some("q".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::R => Some("r".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::S => Some("s".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::T => Some("t".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::U => Some("u".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::V => Some("v".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::W => Some("w".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::X => Some("x".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Y => Some("y".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Z => Some("z".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N0 => Some("0".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N1 => Some("1".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N2 => Some("2".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N3 => Some("3".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N4 => Some("4".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N5 => Some("5".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N6 => Some("6".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N7 => Some("7".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N8 => Some("8".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::N9 => Some("9".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad0 => Some("KP_0".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad1 => Some("KP_1".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad2 => Some("KP_2".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad3 => Some("KP_3".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad4 => Some("KP_4".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad5 => Some("KP_5".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad6 => Some("KP_6".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad7 => Some("KP_7".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad8 => Some("KP_8".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Numpad9 => Some("KP_9".to_string()),
+    crate::keys::Key::Raw(key_code) => unsafe {
+      let key_sym = XKeycodeToKeysym(display, (*key_code).try_into().unwrap(), 0);
+      let string = XKeysymToString(key_sym);
+      let c_str = CStr::from_ptr(string);
+      Some(c_str.to_string_lossy().to_string())
+    },
+  }
+}

espanso-inject/src/x11/xdotool/vendor/COPYRIGHT

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Copyright (c) 2007, 2008, 2009: Jordan Sissel.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+    * Neither the name of the Jordan Sissel nor the names of its contributors
+      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+      without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JORDAN SISSEL ``AS IS'' AND ANY
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL JORDAN SISSEL BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

espanso-inject/src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo.h

@@ -0,0 +1,938 @@
+/**
+ * @file xdo.h
+ */
+#ifndef _XDO_H_
+#define _XDO_H_
+
+#ifndef __USE_XOPEN
+#define __USE_XOPEN
+#endif /* __USE_XOPEN */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <X11/Xlib.h>
+#include <X11/X.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @mainpage
+ *
+ * libxdo helps you send fake mouse and keyboard input, search for windows,
+ * perform various window management tasks such as desktop changes, window
+ * movement, etc.
+ *
+ * For examples on libxdo usage, the xdotool source code is a good reference.
+ *
+ * @see xdo.h
+ * @see xdo_new
+ */
+
+/**
+ * When issuing a window size change, giving this flag will make the size
+ * change be relative to the size hints of the window.  For terminals, this
+ * generally means that the window size will be relative to the font size,
+ * allowing you to change window sizes based on character rows and columns
+ * instead of pixels.
+ */
+#define SIZE_USEHINTS (1L << 0)
+#define SIZE_USEHINTS_X (1L << 1)
+#define SIZE_USEHINTS_Y (1L << 2)
+
+/**
+ * CURRENTWINDOW is a special identify for xdo input faking (mouse and
+ * keyboard) functions like xdo_send_keysequence_window that indicate we should target the
+ * current window, not a specific window.
+ *
+ * Generally, this means we will use XTEST instead of XSendEvent when sending
+ * events.
+ */
+#define CURRENTWINDOW (0)
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ * Map character to whatever information we need to be able to send
+ * this key (keycode, modifiers, group, etc)
+ */
+typedef struct charcodemap {
+  wchar_t key; /** the letter for this key, like 'a' */
+  KeyCode code; /** the keycode that this key is on */
+  KeySym symbol; /** the symbol representing this key */
+  int group; /** the keyboard group that has this key in it */
+  int modmask; /** the modifiers to apply when sending this key */
+   /** if this key need to be bound at runtime because it does not
+    * exist in the current keymap, this will be set to 1. */
+  int needs_binding;
+} charcodemap_t;
+
+typedef enum {
+  XDO_FEATURE_XTEST, /** Is XTest available? */
+} XDO_FEATURES;
+
+/**
+ * The main context.
+ */
+typedef struct xdo {
+
+  /** The Display for Xlib */
+  Display *xdpy;
+
+  /** The display name, if any. NULL if not specified. */
+  char *display_name;
+
+  /** @internal Array of known keys/characters */
+  charcodemap_t *charcodes;
+
+  /** @internal Length of charcodes array */
+  int charcodes_len;
+
+  /** @internal highest keycode value */
+  int keycode_high; /* highest and lowest keycodes */
+
+  /** @internal lowest keycode value */
+  int keycode_low;  /* used by this X server */
+  
+  /** @internal number of keysyms per keycode */
+  int keysyms_per_keycode;
+
+  /** Should we close the display when calling xdo_free? */
+  int close_display_when_freed;
+
+  /** Be extra quiet? (omits some error/message output) */
+  int quiet;
+
+  /** Enable debug output? */
+  int debug;
+
+  /** Feature flags, such as XDO_FEATURE_XTEST, etc... */
+  int features_mask;
+
+} xdo_t;
+
+
+/**
+ * Search only window title. DEPRECATED - Use SEARCH_NAME
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+#define SEARCH_TITLE (1UL << 0)
+
+/**
+ * Search only window class.
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+#define SEARCH_CLASS (1UL << 1)
+
+/**
+ * Search only window name.
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+#define SEARCH_NAME (1UL << 2)
+
+/**
+ * Search only window pid.
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+#define SEARCH_PID  (1UL << 3)
+
+/**
+ * Search only visible windows.
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+#define SEARCH_ONLYVISIBLE  (1UL << 4)
+
+/**
+ * Search only a specific screen. 
+ * @see xdo_search.screen
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+#define SEARCH_SCREEN  (1UL << 5)
+
+/**
+ * Search only window class name.
+ * @see xdo_search
+ */
+#define SEARCH_CLASSNAME (1UL << 6)
+
+/**
+ * Search a specific desktop
+ * @see xdo_search.screen
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+#define SEARCH_DESKTOP (1UL << 7)
+
+/**
+ * Search only window role.
+ * @see xdo_search
+ */
+#define SEARCH_ROLE (1UL << 8)
+
+/**
+ * The window search query structure.
+ *
+ * @see xdo_search_windows
+ */
+typedef struct xdo_search {
+  const char *title;        /** pattern to test against a window title */
+  const char *winclass;     /** pattern to test against a window class */
+  const char *winclassname; /** pattern to test against a window class */
+  const char *winname;      /** pattern to test against a window name */
+  const char *winrole;      /** pattern to test against a window role */
+  int pid;            /** window pid (From window atom _NET_WM_PID) */
+  long max_depth;     /** depth of search. 1 means only toplevel windows */
+  int only_visible;   /** boolean; set true to search only visible windows */
+  int screen;         /** what screen to search, if any. If none given, search 
+                         all screens */
+
+  /** Should the tests be 'and' or 'or' ? If 'and', any failure will skip the
+   * window. If 'or', any success will keep the window in search results. */
+  enum { SEARCH_ANY, SEARCH_ALL } require;
+  
+  /** bitmask of things you are searching for, such as SEARCH_NAME, etc.
+   * @see SEARCH_NAME, SEARCH_CLASS, SEARCH_PID, SEARCH_CLASSNAME, etc
+   */
+  unsigned int searchmask; 
+
+  /** What desktop to search, if any. If none given, search all screens. */
+  long desktop;
+
+  /** How many results to return? If 0, return all. */
+  unsigned int limit;
+} xdo_search_t;
+
+#define XDO_ERROR 1
+#define XDO_SUCCESS 0
+
+/**
+ * Create a new xdo_t instance.
+ *
+ * @param display the string display name, such as ":0". If null, uses the
+ * environment variable DISPLAY just like XOpenDisplay(NULL).
+ *
+ * @return Pointer to a new xdo_t or NULL on failure
+ */
+xdo_t* xdo_new(const char *display);
+
+/**
+ * Create a new xdo_t instance with an existing X11 Display instance.
+ *
+ * @param xdpy the Display pointer given by a previous XOpenDisplay()
+ * @param display the string display name
+ * @param close_display_when_freed If true, we will close the display when
+ * xdo_free is called. Otherwise, we leave it open.
+ */
+xdo_t* xdo_new_with_opened_display(Display *xdpy, const char *display,
+                                   int close_display_when_freed);
+
+/**
+ * Return a string representing the version of this library
+ */
+const char *xdo_version(void);
+
+/**
+ * Free and destroy an xdo_t instance.
+ *
+ * If close_display_when_freed is set, then we will also close the Display.
+ */
+void xdo_free(xdo_t *xdo);
+
+/**
+ * Move the mouse to a specific location.
+ *
+ * @param x the target X coordinate on the screen in pixels.
+ * @param y the target Y coordinate on the screen in pixels.
+ * @param screen the screen (number) you want to move on.
+ */
+int xdo_move_mouse(const xdo_t *xdo, int x, int y, int screen);
+
+/**
+ * Move the mouse to a specific location relative to the top-left corner
+ * of a window.
+ *
+ * @param x the target X coordinate on the screen in pixels.
+ * @param y the target Y coordinate on the screen in pixels.
+ */
+int xdo_move_mouse_relative_to_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int x, int y);
+
+/**
+ * Move the mouse relative to it's current position.
+ *
+ * @param x the distance in pixels to move on the X axis.
+ * @param y the distance in pixels to move on the Y axis.
+ */
+int xdo_move_mouse_relative(const xdo_t *xdo, int x, int y);
+
+/**
+ * Send a mouse press (aka mouse down) for a given button at the current mouse
+ * location.
+ *
+ * @param window The window you want to send the event to or CURRENTWINDOW
+ * @param button The mouse button. Generally, 1 is left, 2 is middle, 3 is
+ *    right, 4 is wheel up, 5 is wheel down.
+ */
+int xdo_mouse_down(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int button);
+
+/**
+ * Send a mouse release (aka mouse up) for a given button at the current mouse
+ * location.
+ *
+ * @param window The window you want to send the event to or CURRENTWINDOW
+ * @param button The mouse button. Generally, 1 is left, 2 is middle, 3 is
+ *    right, 4 is wheel up, 5 is wheel down.
+ */
+int xdo_mouse_up(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int button);
+
+/**
+ * Get the current mouse location (coordinates and screen number).
+ *
+ * @param x integer pointer where the X coordinate will be stored
+ * @param y integer pointer where the Y coordinate will be stored
+ * @param screen_num integer pointer where the screen number will be stored
+ */
+int xdo_get_mouse_location(const xdo_t *xdo, int *x, int *y, int *screen_num);
+
+/**
+ * Get the window the mouse is currently over
+ *
+ * @param window_ret Window pointer where the window will be stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_window_at_mouse(const xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Get all mouse location-related data.
+ *
+ * If null is passed for any parameter, we simply do not store it.
+ * Useful if you only want the 'y' coordinate, for example.
+ *
+ * @param x integer pointer where the X coordinate will be stored
+ * @param y integer pointer where the Y coordinate will be stored
+ * @param screen_num integer pointer where the screen number will be stored
+ * @param window Window pointer where the window/client the mouse is over
+ *   will be stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_mouse_location2(const xdo_t *xdo, int *x_ret, int *y_ret,
+                            int *screen_num_ret, Window *window_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the mouse to move from a location. This function will block
+ * until the condition has been satisfied.
+ *
+ * @param origin_x the X position you expect the mouse to move from
+ * @param origin_y the Y position you expect the mouse to move from
+ */
+int xdo_wait_for_mouse_move_from(const xdo_t *xdo, int origin_x, int origin_y);
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the mouse to move to a location. This function will block
+ * until the condition has been satisfied.
+ *
+ * @param dest_x the X position you expect the mouse to move to
+ * @param dest_y the Y position you expect the mouse to move to
+ */
+int xdo_wait_for_mouse_move_to(const xdo_t *xdo, int dest_x, int dest_y);
+
+/**
+ * Send a click for a specific mouse button at the current mouse location.
+ *
+ * @param window The window you want to send the event to or CURRENTWINDOW
+ * @param button The mouse button. Generally, 1 is left, 2 is middle, 3 is
+ *    right, 4 is wheel up, 5 is wheel down.
+ */
+int xdo_click_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int button);
+
+/**
+ * Send a one or more clicks for a specific mouse button at the current mouse
+ * location.
+ *
+ * @param window The window you want to send the event to or CURRENTWINDOW
+ * @param button The mouse button. Generally, 1 is left, 2 is middle, 3 is
+ *    right, 4 is wheel up, 5 is wheel down.
+ */
+int xdo_click_window_multiple(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int button,
+                       int repeat, useconds_t delay);
+
+/**
+ * Type a string to the specified window.
+ *
+ * If you want to send a specific key or key sequence, such as "alt+l", you
+ * want instead xdo_send_keysequence_window(...).
+ *
+ * @param window The window you want to send keystrokes to or CURRENTWINDOW
+ * @param string The string to type, like "Hello world!"
+ * @param delay The delay between keystrokes in microseconds. 12000 is a decent
+ *    choice if you don't have other plans.
+ */
+int xdo_enter_text_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, const char *string, useconds_t delay);
+
+/**
+ * Send a keysequence to the specified window.
+ *
+ * This allows you to send keysequences by symbol name. Any combination
+ * of X11 KeySym names separated by '+' are valid. Single KeySym names
+ * are valid, too.
+ *
+ * Examples:
+ *   "l"
+ *   "semicolon"
+ *   "alt+Return"
+ *   "Alt_L+Tab"
+ *
+ * If you want to type a string, such as "Hello world." you want to instead
+ * use xdo_enter_text_window.
+ *
+ * @param window The window you want to send the keysequence to or
+ *   CURRENTWINDOW
+ * @param keysequence The string keysequence to send.
+ * @param delay The delay between keystrokes in microseconds.
+ */
+int xdo_send_keysequence_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                    const char *keysequence, useconds_t delay);
+
+/**
+ * Send key release (up) events for the given key sequence.
+ *
+ * @see xdo_send_keysequence_window
+ */
+int xdo_send_keysequence_window_up(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                       const char *keysequence, useconds_t delay);
+
+/**
+ * Send key press (down) events for the given key sequence.
+ *
+ * @see xdo_send_keysequence_window
+ */
+int xdo_send_keysequence_window_down(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                         const char *keysequence, useconds_t delay);
+                         
+/**
+ * Send a series of keystrokes.
+ *
+ * @param window The window to send events to or CURRENTWINDOW
+ * @param keys The array of charcodemap_t entities to send.
+ * @param nkeys The length of the keys parameter
+ * @param pressed 1 for key press, 0 for key release.
+ * @param modifier Pointer to integer to record the modifiers activated by
+ *   the keys being pressed. If NULL, we don't save the modifiers.
+ * @param delay The delay between keystrokes in microseconds.
+ */
+int xdo_send_keysequence_window_list_do(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                            charcodemap_t *keys, int nkeys,
+                            int pressed, int *modifier, useconds_t delay);
+
+
+/**
+ * Wait for a window to have a specific map state.
+ *
+ * State possibilities:
+ *   IsUnmapped - window is not displayed.
+ *   IsViewable - window is mapped and shown (though may be clipped by windows
+ *     on top of it)
+ *   IsUnviewable - window is mapped but a parent window is unmapped.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window you want to wait for.
+ * @param map_state the state to wait for.
+ */
+int xdo_wait_for_window_map_state(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, int map_state);
+
+#define SIZE_TO 0
+#define SIZE_FROM 1
+int xdo_wait_for_window_size(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, unsigned int width,
+                             unsigned int height, int flags, int to_or_from);
+
+
+/**
+ * Move a window to a specific location.
+ *
+ * The top left corner of the window will be moved to the x,y coordinate.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to move
+ * @param x the X coordinate to move to.
+ * @param y the Y coordinate to move to.
+ */
+int xdo_move_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, int x, int y);
+
+/**
+ * Apply a window's sizing hints (if any) to a given width and height.
+ *
+ * This function wraps XGetWMNormalHints() and applies any 
+ * resize increment and base size to your given width and height values.
+ *
+ * @param window the window to use
+ * @param width the unit width you want to translate
+ * @param height the unit height you want to translate
+ * @param width_ret the return location of the translated width
+ * @param height_ret the return location of the translated height
+ */
+int xdo_translate_window_with_sizehint(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                                       unsigned int width, unsigned int height,
+                                       unsigned int *width_ret, unsigned int *height_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Change the window size.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to resize
+ * @param w the new desired width
+ * @param h the new desired height
+ * @param flags if 0, use pixels for units. If SIZE_USEHINTS, then
+ *   the units will be relative to the window size hints.
+ */
+int xdo_set_window_size(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, int w, int h, int flags);
+
+/**
+ * Change a window property.
+ *
+ * Example properties you can change are WM_NAME, WM_ICON_NAME, etc.
+ *
+ * @param wid The window to change a property of.
+ * @param property the string name of the property.
+ * @param value the string value of the property.
+ */
+int xdo_set_window_property(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, const char *property,
+                        const char *value);
+
+/**
+ * Change the window's classname and or class.
+ *
+ * @param name The new class name. If NULL, no change.
+ * @param _class The new class. If NULL, no change.
+ */
+int xdo_set_window_class(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, const char *name,
+                        const char *_class);
+
+/**
+ * Sets the urgency hint for a window.
+ */
+int xdo_set_window_urgency (const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, int urgency);
+
+/**
+ * Set the override_redirect value for a window. This generally means
+ * whether or not a window manager will manage this window.
+ *
+ * If you set it to 1, the window manager will usually not draw borders on the
+ * window, etc. If you set it to 0, the window manager will see it like a
+ * normal application window.
+ *
+ */
+int xdo_set_window_override_redirect(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid,
+                                     int override_redirect);
+
+/**
+ * Focus a window.
+ *
+ * @see xdo_activate_window
+ * @param wid the window to focus.
+ */
+int xdo_focus_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid);
+
+/**
+ * Raise a window to the top of the window stack. This is also sometimes
+ * termed as bringing the window forward.
+ *
+ * @param wid The window to raise.
+ */
+int xdo_raise_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid);
+
+/**
+ * Get the window currently having focus.
+ *
+ * @param window_ret Pointer to a window where the currently-focused window
+ *   will be stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_focused_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Wait for a window to have or lose focus.
+ *
+ * @param window The window to wait on
+ * @param want_focus If 1, wait for focus. If 0, wait for loss of focus.
+ */
+int xdo_wait_for_window_focus(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int want_focus);
+
+/**
+ * Get the PID owning a window. Not all applications support this.
+ * It looks at the _NET_WM_PID property of the window.
+ *
+ * @param window the window to query.
+ * @return the process id or 0 if no pid found.
+ */
+int xdo_get_pid_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window);
+
+/**
+ * Like xdo_get_focused_window, but return the first ancestor-or-self window *
+ * having a property of WM_CLASS. This allows you to get the "real" or
+ * top-level-ish window having focus rather than something you may not expect
+ * to be the window having focused.
+ *
+ * @param window_ret Pointer to a window where the currently-focused window
+ *   will be stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_focused_window_sane(const xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Activate a window. This is generally a better choice than xdo_focus_window
+ * for a variety of reasons, but it requires window manager support:
+ *   - If the window is on another desktop, that desktop is switched to.
+ *   - It moves the window forward rather than simply focusing it
+ *
+ * Requires your window manager to support this.
+ * Uses _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW from the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to activate
+ */
+int xdo_activate_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid);
+
+/**
+ * Wait for a window to be active or not active.
+ *
+ * Requires your window manager to support this.
+ * Uses _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW from the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param window the window to wait on
+ * @param active If 1, wait for active. If 0, wait for inactive.
+ */
+int xdo_wait_for_window_active(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int active);
+
+/**
+ * Map a window. This mostly means to make the window visible if it is
+ * not currently mapped.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to map.
+ */
+int xdo_map_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid);
+
+/**
+ * Unmap a window
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to unmap
+ */
+int xdo_unmap_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid);
+
+/**
+ * Minimize a window.
+ */
+int xdo_minimize_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid);
+
+#define _NET_WM_STATE_REMOVE        0    /* remove/unset property */
+#define _NET_WM_STATE_ADD           1    /* add/set property */
+#define _NET_WM_STATE_TOGGLE        2    /* toggle property  */
+
+/**
+ * Get window classname
+ * @param window the window
+ * @param class_ret Pointer to the window classname WM_CLASS
+ */
+int xdo_get_window_classname(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, unsigned char **class_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Change window state
+ * @param action the _NET_WM_STATE action
+ */
+int xdo_window_state(xdo_t *xdo, Window window, unsigned long action, const char *property);
+
+/** 
+ * Reparents a window
+ *
+ * @param wid_source the window to reparent
+ * @param wid_target the new parent window
+ */
+int xdo_reparent_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid_source, Window wid_target);
+
+/**
+ * Get a window's location.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to query
+ * @param x_ret pointer to int where the X location is stored. If NULL, X is
+ *   ignored.
+ * @param y_ret pointer to int where the Y location is stored. If NULL, X is
+ *   ignored.
+ * @param screen_ret Pointer to Screen* where the Screen* the window on is
+ *   stored. If NULL, this parameter is ignored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_window_location(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid,
+                            int *x_ret, int *y_ret, Screen **screen_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Get a window's size.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to query
+ * @param width_ret pointer to unsigned int where the width is stored.
+ * @param height_ret pointer to unsigned int where the height is stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_window_size(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, unsigned int *width_ret,
+                        unsigned int *height_ret);
+
+/* pager-like behaviors */
+
+/**
+ * Get the currently-active window.
+ * Requires your window manager to support this.
+ * Uses _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW from the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param window_ret Pointer to Window where the active window is stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_active_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Get a window ID by clicking on it. This function blocks until a selection
+ * is made.
+ *
+ * @param window_ret Pointer to Window where the selected window is stored.
+ */
+int xdo_select_window_with_click(const xdo_t *xdo, Window *window_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Set the number of desktops.
+ * Uses _NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS of the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param ndesktops the new number of desktops to set.
+ */
+int xdo_set_number_of_desktops(const xdo_t *xdo, long ndesktops);
+
+/**
+ * Get the current number of desktops.
+ * Uses _NET_NUMBER_OF_DESKTOPS of the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param ndesktops pointer to long where the current number of desktops is
+ *   stored
+ */
+int xdo_get_number_of_desktops(const xdo_t *xdo, long *ndesktops);
+
+/**
+ * Switch to another desktop.
+ * Uses _NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP of the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param desktop The desktop number to switch to.
+ */
+int xdo_set_current_desktop(const xdo_t *xdo, long desktop);
+
+/**
+ * Get the current desktop.
+ * Uses _NET_CURRENT_DESKTOP of the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param desktop pointer to long where the current desktop number is stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_current_desktop(const xdo_t *xdo, long *desktop);
+
+/**
+ * Move a window to another desktop
+ * Uses _NET_WM_DESKTOP of the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to move
+ * @param desktop the desktop destination for the window
+ */
+int xdo_set_desktop_for_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, long desktop);
+
+/**
+ * Get the desktop a window is on.
+ * Uses _NET_WM_DESKTOP of the EWMH spec.
+ *
+ * If your desktop does not support _NET_WM_DESKTOP, then '*desktop' remains
+ * unmodified.
+ *
+ * @param wid the window to query
+ * @param deskto pointer to long where the desktop of the window is stored
+ */
+int xdo_get_desktop_for_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window wid, long *desktop);
+
+/**
+ * Search for windows.
+ *
+ * @param search the search query.
+ * @param windowlist_ret the list of matching windows to return
+ * @param nwindows_ret the number of windows (length of windowlist_ret)
+ * @see xdo_search_t
+ */
+int xdo_search_windows(const xdo_t *xdo, const xdo_search_t *search,
+                      Window **windowlist_ret, unsigned int *nwindows_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Generic property fetch.
+ *
+ * @param window the window to query
+ * @param atom the Atom to request
+ * @param nitems the number of items 
+ * @param type the type of the return
+ * @param size the size of the type
+ * @return data consisting of 'nitems' items of size 'size' and type 'type'
+ *   will need to be cast to the type before using.
+ */
+unsigned char *xdo_get_window_property_by_atom(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, Atom atom,
+                              long *nitems, Atom *type, int *size);
+
+/**
+ * Get property of window by name of atom.
+ *
+ * @param window the window to query
+ * @param property the name of the atom
+ * @param nitems the number of items 
+ * @param type the type of the return
+ * @param size the size of the type
+ * @return data consisting of 'nitems' items of size 'size' and type 'type'
+ *   will need to be cast to the type before using.
+ */
+int xdo_get_window_property(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, const char *property,
+                            unsigned char **value, long *nitems, Atom *type, int *size);
+
+/**
+ * Get the current input state. This is a mask value containing any of the
+ * following: ShiftMask, LockMask, ControlMask, Mod1Mask, Mod2Mask, Mod3Mask,
+ * Mod4Mask, or Mod5Mask.
+ *
+ * @return the input mask
+ */
+unsigned int xdo_get_input_state(const xdo_t *xdo);
+
+/**
+ * If you need the symbol map, use this method.
+ *
+ * The symbol map is an array of string pairs mapping common tokens to X Keysym
+ * strings, such as "alt" to "Alt_L"
+ *
+ * @returns array of strings.
+ */
+const char **xdo_get_symbol_map(void);
+
+/* active modifiers stuff */
+
+/**
+ * Get a list of active keys. Uses XQueryKeymap.
+ *
+ * @param keys Pointer to the array of charcodemap_t that will be allocated
+ *    by this function.
+ * @param nkeys Pointer to integer where the number of keys will be stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_active_modifiers(const xdo_t *xdo, charcodemap_t **keys,
+                             int *nkeys);
+
+/**
+ * Send any events necessary to clear the active modifiers.
+ * For example, if you are holding 'alt' when xdo_get_active_modifiers is 
+ * called, then this method will send a key-up for 'alt'
+ */
+int xdo_clear_active_modifiers(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                               charcodemap_t *active_mods,
+                               int active_mods_n);
+
+/**
+ * Send any events necessary to make these modifiers active.
+ * This is useful if you just cleared the active modifiers and then wish
+ * to restore them after.
+ */
+int xdo_set_active_modifiers(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                             charcodemap_t *active_mods,
+                             int active_mods_n);
+
+/**
+ * Get the position of the current viewport.
+ *
+ * This is only relevant if your window manager supports
+ * _NET_DESKTOP_VIEWPORT 
+ */
+int xdo_get_desktop_viewport(const xdo_t *xdo, int *x_ret, int *y_ret);
+
+/**
+ * Set the position of the current viewport.
+ *
+ * This is only relevant if your window manager supports
+ * _NET_DESKTOP_VIEWPORT
+ */
+int xdo_set_desktop_viewport(const xdo_t *xdo, int x, int y);
+
+/**
+ * Kill a window and the client owning it.
+ *
+ */
+int xdo_kill_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window);
+
+/**
+ * Close a window without trying to kill the client.
+ *
+ */
+int xdo_close_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window);
+
+/**
+ * Request that a window close, gracefully.
+ *
+ */
+int xdo_quit_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window);
+
+/**
+ * Find a client window that is a parent of the window given
+ */
+#define XDO_FIND_PARENTS (0)
+
+/**
+ * Find a client window that is a child of the window given
+ */
+#define XDO_FIND_CHILDREN (1)
+
+/**
+ * Find a client window (child) in a given window. Useful if you get the
+ * window manager's decorator window rather than the client window.
+ */
+int xdo_find_window_client(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, Window *window_ret,
+                           int direction);
+
+/**
+ * Get a window's name, if any.
+ *
+ * @param window window to get the name of.
+ * @param name_ret character pointer pointer where the address of the window name will be stored.
+ * @param name_len_ret integer pointer where the length of the window name will be stored.
+ * @param name_type integer pointer where the type (atom) of the window name will be stored.
+ */
+int xdo_get_window_name(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, 
+                        unsigned char **name_ret, int *name_len_ret,
+                        int *name_type);
+
+/**
+ * Disable an xdo feature.
+ *
+ * This function is mainly used by libxdo itself, however, you may find it useful
+ * in your own applications.
+ * 
+ * @see XDO_FEATURES
+ */
+void xdo_disable_feature(xdo_t *xdo, int feature);
+
+/**
+ * Enable an xdo feature.
+ *
+ * This function is mainly used by libxdo itself, however, you may find it useful
+ * in your own applications.
+ * 
+ * @see XDO_FEATURES
+ */
+void xdo_enable_feature(xdo_t *xdo, int feature);
+
+/**
+ * Check if a feature is enabled.
+ *
+ * This function is mainly used by libxdo itself, however, you may find it useful
+ * in your own applications.
+ * 
+ * @see XDO_FEATURES
+ */
+int xdo_has_feature(xdo_t *xdo, int feature);
+
+// Espanso-specific variants
+
+KeySym fast_keysym_from_char(const xdo_t *xdo, wchar_t key);
+void fast_charcodemap_from_char(const xdo_t *xdo, charcodemap_t *key);
+void fast_charcodemap_from_keysym(const xdo_t *xdo, charcodemap_t *key, KeySym keysym);
+void fast_init_xkeyevent(const xdo_t *xdo, XKeyEvent *xk);
+void fast_send_key(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, charcodemap_t *key,
+                          int modstate, int is_press, useconds_t delay);
+int fast_enter_text_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, const char *string, useconds_t delay);
+void fast_send_event(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window, int keycode, int pressed);
+int fast_send_keysequence_window(const xdo_t *xdo, Window window,
+                    const char *keysequence, useconds_t delay);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+} /* extern "C" */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ifndef _XDO_H_ */
+

espanso-inject/src/x11/xdotool/vendor/xdo_util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/* xdo utility pieces 
+ *
+ * $Id$
+ */
+
+#ifndef _XDO_UTIL_H_
+#define _XDO_UTIL_H_
+
+#include "xdo.h"
+
+/* human to Keysym string mapping */
+static const char *symbol_map[] = {
+  "alt", "Alt_L",
+  "ctrl", "Control_L",
+  "control", "Control_L",
+  "meta", "Meta_L",
+  "super", "Super_L",
+  "shift", "Shift_L",
+  "enter", "Return",
+  "return", "Return",
+  NULL, NULL,
+};
+
+#endif /* ifndef _XDO_UTIL_H_ */

espanso/src/cli/worker/config.rs

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ impl<'a> super::engine::dispatch::executor::clipboard_injector::ClipboardParamsP
       restore_clipboard: active.preserve_clipboard(),
       restore_clipboard_delay: active.restore_clipboard_delay(),
       x11_use_xclip_backend: active.x11_use_xclip_backend(),
+      x11_use_xdotool_backend: active.x11_use_xdotool_backend(),
     }
   }
 }
@@ -164,6 +165,7 @@ impl<'a> super::engine::dispatch::executor::InjectParamsProvider for ConfigManag
       inject_delay: active.inject_delay(),
       key_delay: active.key_delay(),
       evdev_modifier_delay: active.evdev_modifier_delay(),
+      x11_use_xdotool_backend: active.x11_use_xdotool_backend(),
     }
   }
 }

espanso/src/cli/worker/engine/dispatch/executor/clipboard_injector.rs

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ pub struct ClipboardParams {
   pub restore_clipboard: bool,
   pub restore_clipboard_delay: usize,
   pub x11_use_xclip_backend: bool,
+  pub x11_use_xdotool_backend: bool,
 }
 
 pub struct ClipboardInjectorAdapter<'a> {
@@ -95,6 +96,7 @@ impl<'a> ClipboardInjectorAdapter<'a> {
       InjectionOptions {
         delay: params.paste_shortcut_event_delay as i32,
         disable_fast_inject: params.disable_x11_fast_inject,
+        x11_use_xdotool_fallback: params.x11_use_xdotool_backend,
         ..Default::default()
       },
     )?;

espanso/src/cli/worker/engine/dispatch/executor/event_injector.rs

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ impl<'a> TextInjector for EventInjectorAdapter<'a> {
         })
         .try_into()
         .unwrap(),
+      x11_use_xdotool_fallback: params.x11_use_xdotool_backend,
     };
 
     // We don't use the lines() method because it skips emtpy lines, which is not what we want.

espanso/src/cli/worker/engine/dispatch/executor/key_injector.rs

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ impl<'a> KeyInjector for KeyInjectorAdapter<'a> {
         })
         .try_into()
         .unwrap(),
+      x11_use_xdotool_fallback: params.x11_use_xdotool_backend,
     };
 
     let converted_keys: Vec<_> = keys.iter().map(convert_to_inject_key).collect();

espanso/src/cli/worker/engine/dispatch/executor/mod.rs

@@ -34,4 +34,5 @@ pub struct InjectParams {
   pub key_delay: Option<usize>,
   pub disable_x11_fast_inject: bool,
   pub evdev_modifier_delay: Option<usize>,
+  pub x11_use_xdotool_backend: bool,
 }

espanso/src/patch/patches/mod.rs

@@ -53,5 +53,6 @@ generate_patchable_config!(
   win32_exclude_orphan_events -> bool,
   win32_keyboard_layout_cache_interval -> i64,
   x11_use_xclip_backend -> bool,
+  x11_use_xdotool_backend -> bool,
   keyboard_layout -> Option<RMLVOConfig>
 );