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Past pandemics

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Death toll (estimate),Location,Date,Event,Disease,Link,Covid reference class,Did it become endemic?,"Was there a second, third, or fourth wave?/did it last more than one year?",Did it become endemic? (numeric),"Was there a second, third, or fourth wave?/did it last more than one year? (numerical)",Notes,,,,,,
Unknown,"Babylon, or Babirus of the Persians, Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Southern Asia",1200 BC,influenza epidemic,Indian Sanskrit scholars found records of a disease resembling the Flu.,ø,,ø,ø,,,ø,,,,,,
"75,000–100,000","Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia",429–426 BC,Plague of Athens,"Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens,Unclear,0,Yes,0,1,"In overcrowded Athens, the disease killed an estimated 25% of the population. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/426 BC.",,,,,,
Unknown,"Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic)",412 BC,412 BC epidemic,"Unknown, possibly influenza",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/412_BC_epidemic,Unclear,0,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
5–10 million,Roman Empire,165–180 (possibly up to 190),Antonine Plague,"Unknown, possibly smallpox",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plague,Unclear,0,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
"1 million+ (Unknown, but at least)",Europe,250–266,Plague of Cyprian,"Unknown, possibly smallpox",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian,Unclear,0,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
25–100 million; 40–50% of population of Europe,Europe and West Asia,541–542,Plague of Justinian,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian,Unclear,0,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,British Isles,664–689,Plague of 664,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_664,Unclear,0,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,"Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia",698–701,Plague of 698–701,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2 million (Approx. ​1⁄3 of entire Japanese population),Japan,735–737,735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic,Unclear,Yes,Yes,1,1,,,,,,,
,"Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa",746–747,Plague of 746–747,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
75–200 million (10–60% of European population),"Europe, Asia and North Africa",1346–1353,Black Death,Plague Y. pestis,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death,Yes,Yes,Yes,1,1,"The physician to the Avignon Papacy, Raimundo Chalmel de Vinario (Latin: Magister Raimundus, lit. 'Master Raymond'), observed the decreasing mortality rate of successive outbreaks of plague in 1347-8, 1362, 1371, and 1382 in his 1382 treatise On Epidemics (De epidemica).[99] In the first outbreak, two thirds of the population contracted the illness and most patients died; in the next, half the population became ill but only some died; by the third, a tenth were affected and many survived; while by the fourth occurrence, only one in twenty people were sickened and most of them survived",,,,,,
"10,000+",Britain (England) and later continental Europe,1485–1551,Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks),"Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweating_sickness,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
Unknown Around 1% of those infected,"Asia, North Africa, Europe",1510,1510 Influenza pandemic,Influenza,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic,Yes,No,No,0,0,"a mortality rate of around 1%. Fernel and Paré suggest that the 1510 influenza ""spread to almost all countries of the world"" with the exception of the New World",,,,,,
5–8 million (40% of population),Mexico,1520,1520 Smallpox Epidemic,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_smallpox_in_Mexico,Unclear,Yes,Yes,1,1,,,,,,,
5–15 million (80% of population),Mexico,1545–1548,Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548,Possibly Salmonella enterica,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
"20,100+ in London",London,1563–1564,1563 London plague,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563_London_plague,Unclear,No,No,0,0,Radical measures taken,,,,,,
2–2.5 million (50% of population),Mexico,1576–1580,Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576,Possibly Salmonella enterica,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,Seneca nation,1592–1596,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3000,Malta,1592–1593,1592–93 Malta plague epidemic,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_Malta_plague_epidemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,These measures [were] enforced with harsh penalties including flogging and death,,,,,,
"19,900+ in London and outer parishes",London,1592–1593,1592–93 London plague,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_London_plague,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
"600,000 to 700,000",Spain,1596–1602,,Plague,https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,South America,1600–1650,,Malaria,ø,Unclear,Unclear,Yes,0.5,1,,,,,,,
,England,1603,,Plague,ø,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
1 million (Britannica),Egypt,1609,,Plague,ø,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
Unknown: estimated 30–90% of population,"Southern New England, especially the Wampanoag people",1616–1620,1616 New England epidemic,"Unknown cause. Latest research suggests epidemic(s) of leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D.",ø,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
280000,Italy,1629–1631,Italian plague of 1629–1631,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,A major outbreak in March 1630 was due to relaxed health measures during the carnival season,,,,,,
"15,000–25,000",Wyandot people,1634,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1633,Massachusetts smallpox epidemic,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_smallpox_epidemic,Unclear,Yes,Yes,1,1,,,,,,,
,England,1636,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,China,1641–1644,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"600,000 to 700,000",Spain,1647–1652,Great Plague of Seville,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,"In Seville, quarantine measures were evaded, ignored, unproposed and/or unenforced[citation needed]. The results were devastating",,,,,,
,Central America,1648,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1250000,Italy,1656,Naples Plague,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Plague,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1657,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
24148,Netherlands,1663–1664,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
100000,England,1665–1666,Great Plague of London,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London,Unclear,No,,0,,"Two suspicious deaths were recorded in St. Giles parish in 1664 and another in February 1665. These did not appear as plague deaths on the Bills of Mortality, so no control measures were taken by the authorities, but the total number of people dying in London during the first four months of 1665 showed a marked increase. By the end of April, only four plague deaths had been recorded, two in the parish of St. Giles, but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398",Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic,,,,,
40000,France,1668,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
11300,Malta,1675–1676,1675–76 Malta plague epidemic,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1675%E2%80%931676_Malta_plague_epidemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,"Some people disputed the cause of the disease, and the doctor Giuseppe del Cosso insisted that it was not plague but a malignant pricking disease.[6] Many went about their daily lives as usual, and this is believed to be a factor which resulted in such a high death toll.[2] It was only after various European physicians gave their opinions that it was plague that strict containment measures were enforced, but by then it was too late",,,,,,
,Spain,1676–1685,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
76000,Austria,1679,Great Plague of Vienna,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,South Africa,1687,,"Unknown, possibly Influenza",,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1687,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1690,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Canada, New France",1702–1703,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"18,000+ (36% of population)",Iceland,1707–1709,Great Smallpox Epidemic,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
164000,"Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania",1710–1712,Great Northern War plague outbreak,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,"While at first the city authorities downplayed the plague, which had reached a peak in early October and then declined, this approach was abandoned when the death toll again started to rise significantly in November","In November 1709, when the Prussian king Frederick I returned to Berlin from a meeting with Russian tsar Peter the Great, the king had a strange encounter with his mentally deranged wife Sophia Louise, who in a white dress and with bloody hands pointed at him saying that the plague would devour the king of Babylon.[48] As there was a legend of a White Lady foretelling the deaths of the Hohenzollern, Frederick took his wife's outburst seriously[49] and ordered that precautions be taken for his residence city.[50] Among other measures, he ordered the construction of a pest house outside the city walls, the Berlin Charité.[50]","In June 1710, most probably via a ship from Pernau, the plague arrived in Stockholm, where the health commission (Collegium Medicum) until 29 August denied that it was indeed the plague, despite buboes being visible on the bodies of victims from the ship and in the town","While Scania was protected from an infection from the north by a cordon sanitaire between it and Småland, the plague came by sea[94] and made landfall not only in Västanå, but also in January 1711 in Domsten in Allerum parish, where the locals had ignored the ban on contact with their relatives and friends on the Danish side of the Sound, most notably in the infected area around Helsingør (Elsinore); the third starting point for the plague in Scania was Ystad, where on 19 June an infected soldier arrived from Swedish Pomerania.[93] The plague remained in Scania until 1713, probably 1714",,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1713–1715,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Canada, New France",1714–1715,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"100,000+",France,1720–1722,Great Plague of Marseille,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
844,Massachusetts Bay Colony,1721–1722,1721 Boston smallpox outbreak,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1721_Boston_smallpox_outbreak,Unclear,No,No,0,0,Early experiments with variolation,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1729,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Spain,1730,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1732–1733,,Influenza,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Canada, New France",1733,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
50000,Balkans,1738,Great Plague of 1738,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_1738,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1738,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1739–1740,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Italy,1743,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Thirteen Colonies,1747,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,North America,1755–1756,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,North America,1759,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"North America, West Indies",1761,,Influenza,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"North America, present-day Pittsburgh area.",1763,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
50000,Russia,1770–1772,Russian plague of 1770–1772,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,"Commanding general Christopher von Stoffeln coerced army doctors to conceal the outbreak, which was not made public until Gustav Orreus, a Russian-Finnish surgeon reporting directly to Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev, examined the situation, identified it as plague and enforced quarantine in the troops. Shtoffeln, however, refused to evacuate the infested towns and himself fell victim to the plague in May 1770. Of 1,500 patients recorded in his troops in May–August 1770, only 300 survived",Politicking during the outbreak was followed by failure of containment. ,,,,,
,Pacific Northwest natives,1770s,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,North America,1772,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2 million+,Persia,1772,Persian Plague,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1772%E2%80%931773_Persian_Plague,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,England,1775–1776,,Influenza,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Spain,1778,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Plains Indians,1780–1782,North American smallpox epidemic,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775%E2%80%931782_North_American_smallpox_epidemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,Examples of inoculation,,,,,,
,Pueblo Indians,1788,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1788,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"New South Wales, Australia",1789–1790,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1793,,Influenza and epidemic typhus,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"5,000+",United States,1793–1798,"Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences",Yellow fever,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,Spain,1800–1803,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Ottoman Empire, Egypt",1801,,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1803,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1812,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"300,000+",Ottoman Empire,1812–1819,1812–19 Ottoman plague epidemic,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
4500,Malta,1813–1814,1813–14 Malta plague epidemic,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1813%E2%80%931814_Malta_plague_epidemic,Yes,,,,,Low mortality,Disease spread by smugglers,,,,,
60000,Romania,1813,Caragea's plague,Plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,Ireland,1816–1819,,Typhus,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"100,000+","Asia, Europe",1816–1826,First cholera pandemic,Cholera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic,Yes,No,Yes,0,1,First cholera pandemic,"Unclear whether there were many waves, or whether it spread from a center. Historians believe that the first pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830.","Cholera was endemic to the lower Ganges River.[1] At festival times, pilgrims frequently contracted the disease there and carried it back to other parts of India on their returns, where it would spread, then subside. The first cholera pandemic started similarly, as an outbreak that was suspected to have begun in 1817 in the town of Jessore.[3] Some epidemiologists and medical historians have suggested that it spread globally through a Hindu pilgrimage, the Kumbh Mela, on the upper Ganges River",,,,
,United States,1820–1823,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Spain,1821,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"New South Wales, Australia",1828,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2800,Netherlands,1829,Groningen epidemic,Malaria,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_epidemic,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,South Australia,1829,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Iran,1829–1835,,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"100,000+","Asia, Europe, North America",1829–1851,Second cholera pandemic,Cholera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic,Yes,No,Yes,0,1,First cholera pandemic for Europeans,"Like the earlier pandemics, cholera spread from the Ganges Delta of India",,,,,
,Egypt,1831,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Plains Indians,1831–1834,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"England, France",1832,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,North America,1832,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1833,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1834,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1834–1836,,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1837,,Typhus,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"17,000+",Great Plains,1837–1838,1837–38 smallpox epidemic,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic,Yes,No,Yes,0,1,"the small-pox had never been known in the civilized world, as it had been among the poor Mandans and other Indians. Only twenty-seven Mandans were left to tell the tale",Smallpox may have been intentionally spread among the indigenous people of the Americas by colonizers. Culture War.,,,,,
,Dalmatia,1840,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,South Africa,1840,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1841,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"20,000+",Canada,1847–1848,Typhus epidemic of 1847,Epidemic typhus,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_North_American_typhus_epidemic,No,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,United States,1847,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Worldwide,1847–1848,,Influenza,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1848,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,North America,1848–1849,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1850,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,North America,1850–1851,,Influenza,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1851,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1852,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1 million+,Russia,1846–1860,Third cholera pandemic,Cholera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,Ottoman Empire,1853,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4737,"Copenhagen, Denmark",1853,Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853,Cholera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak,Unclear,No,No,0,0,Changes made to Copenhagen afterwards,,,,,,
616,England,1854,Broad Street cholera outbreak,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,United States,1855,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
12 million+ in India and China alone,Worldwide,1855–1860,Third plague pandemic,Bubonic plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic,Unclear,Yes,Yes,1,1,"According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was considered active until 1960, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year",A natural reservoir or nidus for plague is in western Yunnan and is still an ongoing health risk,"The British colonial government in India pressed medical researcher Waldemar Haffkine to develop a plague vaccine. After three months of persistent work with a limited staff, a form for human trials was ready. On January 10, 1897 Haffkine tested it on himself. After the initial test was reported to the authorities, volunteers at the Byculla jail were used in a control test, all inoculated prisoners survived the epidemics, while seven inmates of the control group died. By the turn of the century, the number of inoculees in India alone reached four million. Haffkine was appointed the Director of the Plague Laboratory (now called Haffkine Institute) in Bombay",,,,
,Portugal,1857,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Victoria, Australia",1857,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Europe, North America, South America",1857–1859,,Influenza,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"3,000+","Central Coast, British Columbia",1862–1863,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
600000,Middle East,1863–1875,Fourth cholera pandemic,Cholera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1865,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Russia, Germany",1866–1867,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Australia,1867,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Iraq,1867,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Argentina,1852–1871,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Germany,1870–1871,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
40000,Fiji,1875,1875 Fiji Measles outbreak,Measles,ø,Unclear,No,No,0,0,,,,,,,
,Russian Empire,1877,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1881,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"9,000+","India, Germany",1881–1896,Fifth cholera pandemic,Cholera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,"Although many residents held the city government responsible for the virulence of the epidemic (leading to cholera riots in 1893[3]), it continued with practices largely unchanged","American author Mark Twain, an avid traveler, visited Hamburg during the cholera outbreak, and he described his experience in a short, uncollected piece dated ""1891–1892"". Therein, he notes alarmingly the lack of information in Hamburg newspapers about the cholera event, particularly death totals",,,,,
3164,Montreal,1885,,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1 million,Worldwide,1889–1890,1889–1890 flu pandemic,Influenza,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_flu_pandemic,Yes,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
,West Africa,1900,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Congo Basin,1896–1906,,Trypanosomiasis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"800,000+","Europe, Asia, Africa",1899–1923,Sixth cholera pandemic,Cholera,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
113,San Francisco,1900–1904,,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Uganda,1900–1920,,Trypanosomiasis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1902,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
22,India,1903,,Bubonic Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4,Fremantle,1903,,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
60000,China,1910–1911,Manchurian plague,Pneumonic plague,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_plague,Unclear,No,No,0,0,"The Chinese government also sought the support of foreign doctors, a number of whom died as a consequence of the disease.[5] In Harbin, this included the Frenchman Gérald Mesny, from the Imperial Medical College in Tientsin, who disputed Wu's recommendation of masks; a few days later, he died after catching the plague when visiting patients without wearing a mask",,,,,,
40000,China,1910–1912,1910 China plague,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1.5 million,Worldwide,1915–1926,1915 Encephalitis lethargica pandemic,Encephalitis lethargica,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica,,,,,,"They would be conscious and aware – yet not fully awake; they would sit motionless and speechless all day in their chairs, totally lacking energy, impetus, initiative, motive, appetite, affect or desire; they registered what went on about them without active attention, and with profound indifference. They neither conveyed nor felt the feeling of life; they were as insubstantial as ghosts, and as passive as zombies","The pandemic disappeared in 1927 as abruptly and mysteriously as it first appeared.[21] The great encephalitis pandemic coincided with the 1918 influenza pandemic, and it is likely that the influenza virus potentiated the effects of the encephalitis virus or lowered resistance to it in a catastrophic way",,,,,
"7,000+",United States of America,1916,,Poliomyelitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
17-100 million,Worldwide,1918–1920,Spanish flu (pandemic),Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 Spanish Flu Virus,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu,Yes,No,Yes,0,1,"To maintain morale, World War I censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. Newspapers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain, such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII, and these stories created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit.","A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of this flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease.[41] Another was lies and denial by governments, leaving the population ill-prepared to handle the outbreaks",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1918_spanish_flu_waves.gif,"In 1918, older adults may have had partial protection caused by exposure to the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, known as the ""Russian flu""",Another oddity was that the outbreak was widespread in the summer and autumn (in the Northern Hemisphere); influenza is usually worse in winter,"In New Zealand, 8,573 deaths were attributed to the 1918 pandemic influenza, resulting in a total population fatality rate of 0.7%.[116] Māori were 8 to 10 times as likely to die as other New Zealanders (Pakeha) because of their more crowded living conditions","Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s.[131] This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a ""forgotten pandemic"""
2.5 million (estimated),Russia,1918–1922,,Typhus,ø,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
30,Los Angeles,1924,1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak,Pneumonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
43,"Croydon, United Kingdom",1937,Croydon epidemic of typhoid fever,Typhoid fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1942–1944,,Malaria,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,China,1946,,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Egypt,1946,,Relapsing fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1845,United States of America,1946,,Poliomyelitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
10277,Egypt,1947,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2720,United States of America,1949,,Poliomyelitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3145,United States of America,1952,,Poliomyelitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1-4 million,Worldwide,1957–1958,Asian flu,Influenza A virus subtype H2N2,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic,Yes,Yes,Yes,1,1,Low mortality,,,,,,
,Worldwide,1961–1975,Seventh cholera pandemic,Cholera (El Tor strain),https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%931975_cholera_pandemic,Unclear,Yes,Yes,1,1,,,,,,,
500 million,Worldwide,1877–1977,,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox,Yes,Yes,Yes,1,1,"In 2017, Canadian scientists recreated an extinct horse pox virus to demonstrate that the smallpox virus can be recreated in a small lab at a cost of about $100,000, by a team of scientists without specialist knowledge",,,,,,
1-4 million,Worldwide,1968–1970,Hong Kong flu,Influenza A virus subtype H3N2,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu,Unclear,No,Yes,0,1,,,,,,,
5,Netherlands,1971,,Poliomyelitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
35,Yugoslavia,1972,1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia,Smallpox,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1027,United States,1972–1973,London flu,Influenza A virus subtype H3N2,,,,,,,,,,,,,
24,Italy,1973,,Cholera (El Tor strain),,,,,,,,,,,,,
15000,India,1974,1974 smallpox epidemic of India,Smallpox,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_in_India,No,Fuck no,No,Fuck 0,0,,,,,,,
32 million+ (23.6–43.8 million),Worldwide,1981–present (data as of 2018),HIV/AIDS pandemic,HIV/AIDS,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS,,,,,,,,,,,,
64,Western Sahara,1984,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"8,410–9,432",Bangladesh,1991,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
52,India,1994,1994 plague epidemic in Surat,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
231,Worldwide,1996–2001,United Kingdom BSE outbreak,vCJD,,,,,,,,,,,,,
10000,West Africa,1996,,Meningitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
105,Malaysia,1998–1999,1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak,Nipah virus infection,,,,,,,,,,,,,
ca. 40+,Central America,2000,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
400+,Nigeria,2001,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
139,South Africa,2001,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
774,Worldwide,2002–2004,2002–04 SARS outbreak,Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),,,,,,,,,,,,,
1 (18 cases),Algeria,2003,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"0 (3,958 cases)",Afghanistan,2004,,Leishmaniasis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"17,000 cases; mortality typically 1%",Bangladesh,2004,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
658,Indonesia,2004,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
2,Senegal,2004,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
7,Sudan,2004,,Ebola,,,,,,,,,,,,,
14,Mali,2005,,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
27,Singapore,2005,2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"1,200+","Luanda, Angola",2006,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
61,"Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo",2006,,Plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
17,India,2006,,Malaria,,,,,,,,,,,,,
50+,India,2006,2006 dengue outbreak in India,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Unknown (cases very numerous and widespread),India,2006,Chikungunya outbreaks,Chikungunya virus,,,,,,,,,,,,,
50+,Pakistan,2006,2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"ca. 1,000",Philippines,2006,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
394,East Africa,2006,2006–07 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak,Rift Valley fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
187,Democratic Republic of the Congo,2007,Mweka ebola epidemic,Ebola,,,,,,,,,,,,,
684,Ethiopia,2007,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
49,India,2008,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
10,Iraq,2007,2007 Iraq cholera outbreak,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Unknown (69 cases),Nigeria,2007,,Poliomyelitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
183,Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico,2007,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"Perhaps 1.5% of 1,200 cases (18)/ 150 in another source",Somalia,2007,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
37,Uganda,2007,,Ebola,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Vietnam,2007,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Brazil,2008,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Cambodia,2008,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Chad,2008,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,China,2008–2017,,"Hand, foot, and mouth disease",,,,,,,,,,,,,
18+,Madagascar,2008,,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
172,Philippines,2008,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
0,Vietnam,2008,,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4293,Zimbabwe,2008–2009,2008–09 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
18,Bolivia,2009,2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
49,India,2009,2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak,Hepatitis B,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1+ (503 cases),"Queensland, Australia",2009,,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,Worldwide,2009,Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s,Mumps,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1100,West Africa,2009–2010,2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak,Meningitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"151,700-575,400",Worldwide,2009–2010,"2009 flu pandemic (informally called ""swine flu"")",Pandemic H1N1/09 virus,Yes,No,No,New virus; no immunity,0,New virus; 0 immunity,,,,,,,
"10,075 (May 2017)",Hispaniola,2010–present,Haiti cholera outbreak,"Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa)",,,,,,,,,,,,,
"4,500+",Democratic Republic of the Congo,2010–2014,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
170,Vietnam,2011–present,,"Hand, foot and mouth disease",,,,,,,,,,,,,
350+,Pakistan,2011,2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
171,Darfur Sudan,2012,"2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan",Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
862 (as of 13 January 2020),Worldwide,2012–present,2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak,Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS),,,,,,,,,,,,,
142,Vietnam,2013–2014,,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"11,300+","Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone",2013–2016,Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa,Ebola virus disease Ebola virus virion,Yes,No,Yes,New virus; no immunity,1,New virus; 0 immunity,,,,,,,
183,Americas,2013–2015,2013–14 chikungunya outbreak,Chikungunya,,,,,,,,,,,,,
292,Madagascar,2014–2017,2014 Madagascar plague outbreak,Bubonic plague,,,,,,,,,,,,,
36,India,2014–2015,2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak,"Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A",,,,,,,,,,,,,
2035,India,2015,2015 Indian swine flu outbreak,Influenza A virus subtype H1N1,,,,,,,,,,,,,
~53,Worldwide,2015–2016,2015–16 Zika virus epidemic,Zika virus,,,,,,,,,,,,,
100s (as of 1 April 2016),"Angola, DR Congo, China, Kenya",2016,2016 yellow fever outbreak in Angola,Yellow fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"3,886 (as of 30 November 2019)",Yemen,2016–present,2016–20 Yemen cholera outbreak,Cholera,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1317,India,2017,2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak,Japanese encephalitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"60,000–80,000+",United States,2017–2018,2017–18 United States flu season,Seasonal influenza,Unclear,Yes,Yes,,1,,,,,,,,
17,India,2018,2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala,Nipah virus infection,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"2,271 (as of 26 April 2020)",Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda,2018–present,2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic,Ebola virus disease,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"6,400+ (as of April 2020)",Democratic Republic of the Congo,2019–present,2019 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
83,Samoa,2019–present,2019 Samoa measles outbreak,Measles,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"3,700+","Asia-Pacific, Latin America",2019–present,2019–20 dengue fever epidemic,Dengue fever,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"258,354 (As of 6 May 2020)",Worldwide,2019–present,COVID-19 pandemic,COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1 Death toll (estimate) Location Date Event Disease Link Covid reference class Did it become endemic? Was there a second, third, or fourth wave?/did it last more than one year? Did it become endemic? (numeric) Was there a second, third, or fourth wave?/did it last more than one year? (numerical) Notes
2 Unknown Babylon, or Babirus of the Persians, Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Southern Asia 1200 BC influenza epidemic Indian Sanskrit scholars found records of a disease resembling the Flu. ø ø ø ø
3 75,000–100,000 Greece, Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia 429–426 BC Plague of Athens Unknown, possibly typhus, typhoid fever or viral hemorrhagic fever https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens Unclear 0 Yes 0 1 In overcrowded Athens, the disease killed an estimated 25% of the population. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/426 BC.
4 Unknown Greece (Northern Greece, Roman Republic) 412 BC 412 BC epidemic Unknown, possibly influenza https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/412_BC_epidemic Unclear 0 Yes 0 1
5 5–10 million Roman Empire 165–180 (possibly up to 190) Antonine Plague Unknown, possibly smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plague Unclear 0 Yes 0 1
6 1 million+ (Unknown, but at least) Europe 250–266 Plague of Cyprian Unknown, possibly smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian Unclear 0 Yes 0 1
7 25–100 million; 40–50% of population of Europe Europe and West Asia 541–542 Plague of Justinian Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian Unclear 0 Yes 0 1
8 British Isles 664–689 Plague of 664 Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_664 Unclear 0 Yes 0 1
9 Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Syria, Mesopotamia 698–701 Plague of 698–701 Plague
10 2 million (Approx. ​1⁄3 of entire Japanese population) Japan 735–737 735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic Unclear Yes Yes 1 1
11 Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa 746–747 Plague of 746–747 Plague
12 75–200 million (10–60% of European population) Europe, Asia and North Africa 1346–1353 Black Death Plague Y. pestis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death Yes Yes Yes 1 1 The physician to the Avignon Papacy, Raimundo Chalmel de Vinario (Latin: Magister Raimundus, lit. 'Master Raymond'), observed the decreasing mortality rate of successive outbreaks of plague in 1347-8, 1362, 1371, and 1382 in his 1382 treatise On Epidemics (De epidemica).[99] In the first outbreak, two thirds of the population contracted the illness and most patients died; in the next, half the population became ill but only some died; by the third, a tenth were affected and many survived; while by the fourth occurrence, only one in twenty people were sickened and most of them survived
13 10,000+ Britain (England) and later continental Europe 1485–1551 Sweating sickness (multiple outbreaks) Unknown, possibly an unknown species of hantavirus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweating_sickness Unclear No Yes 0 1
14 Unknown Around 1% of those infected Asia, North Africa, Europe 1510 1510 Influenza pandemic Influenza https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic Yes No No 0 0 a mortality rate of around 1%. Fernel and Paré suggest that the 1510 influenza "spread to almost all countries of the world" with the exception of the New World
15 5–8 million (40% of population) Mexico 1520 1520 Smallpox Epidemic Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_smallpox_in_Mexico Unclear Yes Yes 1 1
16 5–15 million (80% of population) Mexico 1545–1548 Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 Possibly Salmonella enterica https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics Unclear No Yes 0 1
17 20,100+ in London London 1563–1564 1563 London plague Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563_London_plague Unclear No No 0 0 Radical measures taken
18 2–2.5 million (50% of population) Mexico 1576–1580 Cocoliztli epidemic of 1576 Possibly Salmonella enterica https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics Unclear No Yes 0 1
19 Seneca nation 1592–1596 Measles
20 3000 Malta 1592–1593 1592–93 Malta plague epidemic Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_Malta_plague_epidemic Unclear No Yes 0 1 These measures [were] enforced with harsh penalties including flogging and death
21 19,900+ in London and outer parishes London 1592–1593 1592–93 London plague Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_London_plague Unclear No Yes 0 1
22 600,000 to 700,000 Spain 1596–1602 Plague https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm Unclear No Yes 0 1
23 South America 1600–1650 Malaria ø Unclear Unclear Yes 0.5 1
24 England 1603 Plague ø Unclear No No 0 0
25 1 million (Britannica) Egypt 1609 Plague ø Unclear No No 0 0
26 Unknown: estimated 30–90% of population Southern New England, especially the Wampanoag people 1616–1620 1616 New England epidemic Unknown cause. Latest research suggests epidemic(s) of leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D. ø Unclear No Yes 0 1
27 280000 Italy 1629–1631 Italian plague of 1629–1631 Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague Unclear No Yes 0 1 A major outbreak in March 1630 was due to relaxed health measures during the carnival season
28 15,000–25,000 Wyandot people 1634 Smallpox
29 Thirteen Colonies 1633 Massachusetts smallpox epidemic Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_smallpox_epidemic Unclear Yes Yes 1 1
30 England 1636 Plague
31 China 1641–1644 Plague
32 600,000 to 700,000 Spain 1647–1652 Great Plague of Seville Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville Unclear No Yes 0 1 In Seville, quarantine measures were evaded, ignored, unproposed and/or unenforced[citation needed]. The results were devastating
33 Central America 1648 Yellow fever
34 1250000 Italy 1656 Naples Plague Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Plague Unclear No No 0 0
35 Thirteen Colonies 1657 Measles
36 24148 Netherlands 1663–1664 Plague
37 100000 England 1665–1666 Great Plague of London Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London Unclear No 0 Two suspicious deaths were recorded in St. Giles parish in 1664 and another in February 1665. These did not appear as plague deaths on the Bills of Mortality, so no control measures were taken by the authorities, but the total number of people dying in London during the first four months of 1665 showed a marked increase. By the end of April, only four plague deaths had been recorded, two in the parish of St. Giles, but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398 Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic
38 40000 France 1668 Plague
39 11300 Malta 1675–1676 1675–76 Malta plague epidemic Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1675%E2%80%931676_Malta_plague_epidemic Unclear No Yes 0 1 Some people disputed the cause of the disease, and the doctor Giuseppe del Cosso insisted that it was not plague but a malignant pricking disease.[6] Many went about their daily lives as usual, and this is believed to be a factor which resulted in such a high death toll.[2] It was only after various European physicians gave their opinions that it was plague that strict containment measures were enforced, but by then it was too late
40 Spain 1676–1685 Plague
41 76000 Austria 1679 Great Plague of Vienna Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna Unclear No No 0 0
42 South Africa 1687 Unknown, possibly Influenza
43 Thirteen Colonies 1687 Measles
44 Thirteen Colonies 1690 Yellow fever
45 Canada, New France 1702–1703 Smallpox
46 18,000+ (36% of population) Iceland 1707–1709 Great Smallpox Epidemic Smallpox
47 164000 Denmark, Sweden, Lithuania 1710–1712 Great Northern War plague outbreak Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak Unclear No Yes 0 1 While at first the city authorities downplayed the plague, which had reached a peak in early October and then declined, this approach was abandoned when the death toll again started to rise significantly in November In November 1709, when the Prussian king Frederick I returned to Berlin from a meeting with Russian tsar Peter the Great, the king had a strange encounter with his mentally deranged wife Sophia Louise, who in a white dress and with bloody hands pointed at him saying that the plague would devour the king of Babylon.[48] As there was a legend of a White Lady foretelling the deaths of the Hohenzollern, Frederick took his wife's outburst seriously[49] and ordered that precautions be taken for his residence city.[50] Among other measures, he ordered the construction of a pest house outside the city walls, the Berlin Charité.[50] In June 1710, most probably via a ship from Pernau, the plague arrived in Stockholm, where the health commission (Collegium Medicum) until 29 August denied that it was indeed the plague, despite buboes being visible on the bodies of victims from the ship and in the town While Scania was protected from an infection from the north by a cordon sanitaire between it and Småland, the plague came by sea[94] and made landfall not only in Västanå, but also in January 1711 in Domsten in Allerum parish, where the locals had ignored the ban on contact with their relatives and friends on the Danish side of the Sound, most notably in the infected area around Helsingør (Elsinore); the third starting point for the plague in Scania was Ystad, where on 19 June an infected soldier arrived from Swedish Pomerania.[93] The plague remained in Scania until 1713, probably 1714
48 Thirteen Colonies 1713–1715 Measles
49 Canada, New France 1714–1715 Measles
50 100,000+ France 1720–1722 Great Plague of Marseille Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille Unclear No Yes 0 1
51 844 Massachusetts Bay Colony 1721–1722 1721 Boston smallpox outbreak Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1721_Boston_smallpox_outbreak Unclear No No 0 0 Early experiments with variolation
52 Thirteen Colonies 1729 Measles
53 Spain 1730 Yellow fever
54 Thirteen Colonies 1732–1733 Influenza
55 Canada, New France 1733 Smallpox
56 50000 Balkans 1738 Great Plague of 1738 Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_1738 Unclear No Yes 0 1
57 Thirteen Colonies 1738 Smallpox
58 Thirteen Colonies 1739–1740 Measles
59 Italy 1743 Plague
60 Thirteen Colonies 1747 Measles
61 North America 1755–1756 Smallpox
62 North America 1759 Measles
63 North America, West Indies 1761 Influenza
64 North America, present-day Pittsburgh area. 1763 Smallpox
65 50000 Russia 1770–1772 Russian plague of 1770–1772 Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague Unclear No Yes 0 1 Commanding general Christopher von Stoffeln coerced army doctors to conceal the outbreak, which was not made public until Gustav Orreus, a Russian-Finnish surgeon reporting directly to Field Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev, examined the situation, identified it as plague and enforced quarantine in the troops. Shtoffeln, however, refused to evacuate the infested towns and himself fell victim to the plague in May 1770. Of 1,500 patients recorded in his troops in May–August 1770, only 300 survived Politicking during the outbreak was followed by failure of containment.
66 Pacific Northwest natives 1770s Smallpox
67 North America 1772 Measles
68 2 million+ Persia 1772 Persian Plague Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1772%E2%80%931773_Persian_Plague Unclear No No 0 0
69 England 1775–1776 Influenza
70 Spain 1778 Dengue fever
71 Plains Indians 1780–1782 North American smallpox epidemic Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775%E2%80%931782_North_American_smallpox_epidemic Unclear No Yes 0 1 Examples of inoculation
72 Pueblo Indians 1788 Smallpox
73 United States 1788 Measles
74 New South Wales, Australia 1789–1790 Smallpox
75 United States 1793 Influenza and epidemic typhus
76 5,000+ United States 1793–1798 Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences Yellow fever https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic Unclear No No 0 0
77 Spain 1800–1803 Yellow fever
78 Ottoman Empire, Egypt 1801 Bubonic plague
79 United States 1803 Yellow fever
80 Egypt 1812 Plague
81 300,000+ Ottoman Empire 1812–1819 1812–19 Ottoman plague epidemic Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic Unclear No Yes 0 1
82 4500 Malta 1813–1814 1813–14 Malta plague epidemic Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1813%E2%80%931814_Malta_plague_epidemic Yes Low mortality Disease spread by smugglers
83 60000 Romania 1813 Caragea's plague Plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague Unclear No No 0 0
84 Ireland 1816–1819 Typhus
85 100,000+ Asia, Europe 1816–1826 First cholera pandemic Cholera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic Yes No Yes 0 1 First cholera pandemic Unclear whether there were many waves, or whether it spread from a center. Historians believe that the first pandemic had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. Cholera was endemic to the lower Ganges River.[1] At festival times, pilgrims frequently contracted the disease there and carried it back to other parts of India on their returns, where it would spread, then subside. The first cholera pandemic started similarly, as an outbreak that was suspected to have begun in 1817 in the town of Jessore.[3] Some epidemiologists and medical historians have suggested that it spread globally through a Hindu pilgrimage, the Kumbh Mela, on the upper Ganges River
86 United States 1820–1823 Yellow fever
87 Spain 1821 Yellow fever
88 New South Wales, Australia 1828 Smallpox
89 2800 Netherlands 1829 Groningen epidemic Malaria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_epidemic Unclear No No 0 0
90 South Australia 1829 Smallpox
91 Iran 1829–1835 Bubonic plague
92 100,000+ Asia, Europe, North America 1829–1851 Second cholera pandemic Cholera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic Yes No Yes 0 1 First cholera pandemic for Europeans Like the earlier pandemics, cholera spread from the Ganges Delta of India
93 Egypt 1831 Cholera
94 Plains Indians 1831–1834 Smallpox
95 England, France 1832 Cholera
96 North America 1832 Cholera
97 United States 1833 Cholera
98 United States 1834 Cholera
99 Egypt 1834–1836 Bubonic plague
100 United States 1837 Typhus
101 17,000+ Great Plains 1837–1838 1837–38 smallpox epidemic Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic Yes No Yes 0 1 the small-pox had never been known in the civilized world, as it had been among the poor Mandans and other Indians. Only twenty-seven Mandans were left to tell the tale Smallpox may have been intentionally spread among the indigenous people of the Americas by colonizers. Culture War.
102 Dalmatia 1840 Plague
103 South Africa 1840 Smallpox
104 United States 1841 Yellow fever
105 20,000+ Canada 1847–1848 Typhus epidemic of 1847 Epidemic typhus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_North_American_typhus_epidemic No No No 0 0
106 United States 1847 Yellow fever
107 Worldwide 1847–1848 Influenza
108 Egypt 1848 Cholera
109 North America 1848–1849 Cholera
110 United States 1850 Yellow fever
111 North America 1850–1851 Influenza
112 United States 1851 Cholera
113 United States 1852 Yellow fever
114 1 million+ Russia 1846–1860 Third cholera pandemic Cholera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic Unclear No Yes 0 1
115 Ottoman Empire 1853 Plague
116 4737 Copenhagen, Denmark 1853 Cholera epidemic of Copenhagen 1853 Cholera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak Unclear No No 0 0 Changes made to Copenhagen afterwards
117 616 England 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak Cholera
118 United States 1855 Yellow fever
119 12 million+ in India and China alone Worldwide 1855–1860 Third plague pandemic Bubonic plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic Unclear Yes Yes 1 1 According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was considered active until 1960, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year A natural reservoir or nidus for plague is in western Yunnan and is still an ongoing health risk The British colonial government in India pressed medical researcher Waldemar Haffkine to develop a plague vaccine. After three months of persistent work with a limited staff, a form for human trials was ready. On January 10, 1897 Haffkine tested it on himself. After the initial test was reported to the authorities, volunteers at the Byculla jail were used in a control test, all inoculated prisoners survived the epidemics, while seven inmates of the control group died. By the turn of the century, the number of inoculees in India alone reached four million. Haffkine was appointed the Director of the Plague Laboratory (now called Haffkine Institute) in Bombay
120 Portugal 1857 Yellow fever
121 Victoria, Australia 1857 Smallpox
122 Europe, North America, South America 1857–1859 Influenza
123 3,000+ Central Coast, British Columbia 1862–1863 Smallpox
124 600000 Middle East 1863–1875 Fourth cholera pandemic Cholera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic Unclear No Yes 0 1
125 Egypt 1865 Cholera
126 Russia, Germany 1866–1867 Cholera
127 Australia 1867 Measles
128 Iraq 1867 Plague
129 Argentina 1852–1871 Yellow fever
130 Germany 1870–1871 Smallpox
131 40000 Fiji 1875 1875 Fiji Measles outbreak Measles ø Unclear No No 0 0
132 Russian Empire 1877 Plague
133 Egypt 1881 Cholera
134 9,000+ India, Germany 1881–1896 Fifth cholera pandemic Cholera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic Unclear No Yes 0 1 Although many residents held the city government responsible for the virulence of the epidemic (leading to cholera riots in 1893[3]), it continued with practices largely unchanged American author Mark Twain, an avid traveler, visited Hamburg during the cholera outbreak, and he described his experience in a short, uncollected piece dated "1891–1892". Therein, he notes alarmingly the lack of information in Hamburg newspapers about the cholera event, particularly death totals
135 3164 Montreal 1885 Smallpox
136 1 million Worldwide 1889–1890 1889–1890 flu pandemic Influenza https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_flu_pandemic Yes No Yes 0 1
137 West Africa 1900 Yellow fever
138 Congo Basin 1896–1906 Trypanosomiasis
139 800,000+ Europe, Asia, Africa 1899–1923 Sixth cholera pandemic Cholera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic Unclear No Yes 0 1
140 113 San Francisco 1900–1904 Bubonic plague
141 Uganda 1900–1920 Trypanosomiasis
142 Egypt 1902 Cholera
143 22 India 1903 Bubonic Plague
144 4 Fremantle 1903 Bubonic plague
145 60000 China 1910–1911 Manchurian plague Pneumonic plague https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_plague Unclear No No 0 0 The Chinese government also sought the support of foreign doctors, a number of whom died as a consequence of the disease.[5] In Harbin, this included the Frenchman Gérald Mesny, from the Imperial Medical College in Tientsin, who disputed Wu's recommendation of masks; a few days later, he died after catching the plague when visiting patients without wearing a mask
146 40000 China 1910–1912 1910 China plague Bubonic plague
147 1.5 million Worldwide 1915–1926 1915 Encephalitis lethargica pandemic Encephalitis lethargica https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica They would be conscious and aware – yet not fully awake; they would sit motionless and speechless all day in their chairs, totally lacking energy, impetus, initiative, motive, appetite, affect or desire; they registered what went on about them without active attention, and with profound indifference. They neither conveyed nor felt the feeling of life; they were as insubstantial as ghosts, and as passive as zombies The pandemic disappeared in 1927 as abruptly and mysteriously as it first appeared.[21] The great encephalitis pandemic coincided with the 1918 influenza pandemic, and it is likely that the influenza virus potentiated the effects of the encephalitis virus or lowered resistance to it in a catastrophic way
148 7,000+ United States of America 1916 Poliomyelitis
149 17-100 million Worldwide 1918–1920 Spanish flu (pandemic) Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 Spanish Flu Virus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu Yes No Yes 0 1 To maintain morale, World War I censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. Newspapers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain, such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII, and these stories created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit. A large factor in the worldwide occurrence of this flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease.[41] Another was lies and denial by governments, leaving the population ill-prepared to handle the outbreaks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1918_spanish_flu_waves.gif In 1918, older adults may have had partial protection caused by exposure to the 1889–1890 flu pandemic, known as the "Russian flu" Another oddity was that the outbreak was widespread in the summer and autumn (in the Northern Hemisphere); influenza is usually worse in winter In New Zealand, 8,573 deaths were attributed to the 1918 pandemic influenza, resulting in a total population fatality rate of 0.7%.[116] Māori were 8 to 10 times as likely to die as other New Zealanders (Pakeha) because of their more crowded living conditions Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s.[131] This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic"
150 2.5 million (estimated) Russia 1918–1922 Typhus ø Unclear No Yes 0 1
151 30 Los Angeles 1924 1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak Pneumonic plague
152 43 Croydon, United Kingdom 1937 Croydon epidemic of typhoid fever Typhoid fever
153 Egypt 1942–1944 Malaria
154 China 1946 Bubonic plague
155 Egypt 1946 Relapsing fever
156 1845 United States of America 1946 Poliomyelitis
157 10277 Egypt 1947 Cholera
158 2720 United States of America 1949 Poliomyelitis
159 3145 United States of America 1952 Poliomyelitis
160 1-4 million Worldwide 1957–1958 Asian flu Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic Yes Yes Yes 1 1 Low mortality
161 Worldwide 1961–1975 Seventh cholera pandemic Cholera (El Tor strain) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%931975_cholera_pandemic Unclear Yes Yes 1 1
162 500 million Worldwide 1877–1977 Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox Yes Yes Yes 1 1 In 2017, Canadian scientists recreated an extinct horse pox virus to demonstrate that the smallpox virus can be recreated in a small lab at a cost of about $100,000, by a team of scientists without specialist knowledge
163 1-4 million Worldwide 1968–1970 Hong Kong flu Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu Unclear No Yes 0 1
164 5 Netherlands 1971 Poliomyelitis
165 35 Yugoslavia 1972 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia Smallpox
166 1027 United States 1972–1973 London flu Influenza A virus subtype H3N2
167 24 Italy 1973 Cholera (El Tor strain)
168 15000 India 1974 1974 smallpox epidemic of India Smallpox https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_in_India No Fuck no No Fuck 0 0
169 32 million+ (23.6–43.8 million) Worldwide 1981–present (data as of 2018) HIV/AIDS pandemic HIV/AIDS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS
170 64 Western Sahara 1984 Plague
171 8,410–9,432 Bangladesh 1991 Cholera
172 52 India 1994 1994 plague epidemic in Surat Plague
173 231 Worldwide 1996–2001 United Kingdom BSE outbreak vCJD
174 10000 West Africa 1996 Meningitis
175 105 Malaysia 1998–1999 1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak Nipah virus infection
176 ca. 40+ Central America 2000 Dengue fever
177 400+ Nigeria 2001 Cholera
178 139 South Africa 2001 Cholera
179 774 Worldwide 2002–2004 2002–04 SARS outbreak Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
180 1 (18 cases) Algeria 2003 Plague
181 0 (3,958 cases) Afghanistan 2004 Leishmaniasis
182 17,000 cases; mortality typically 1% Bangladesh 2004 Cholera
183 658 Indonesia 2004 Dengue fever
184 2 Senegal 2004 Cholera
185 7 Sudan 2004 Ebola
186 14 Mali 2005 Yellow fever
187 27 Singapore 2005 2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore Dengue fever
188 1,200+ Luanda, Angola 2006 Cholera
189 61 Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2006 Plague
190 17 India 2006 Malaria
191 50+ India 2006 2006 dengue outbreak in India Dengue fever
192 Unknown (cases very numerous and widespread) India 2006 Chikungunya outbreaks Chikungunya virus
193 50+ Pakistan 2006 2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan Dengue fever
194 ca. 1,000 Philippines 2006 Dengue fever
195 394 East Africa 2006 2006–07 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak Rift Valley fever
196 187 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2007 Mweka ebola epidemic Ebola
197 684 Ethiopia 2007 Cholera
198 49 India 2008 Cholera
199 10 Iraq 2007 2007 Iraq cholera outbreak Cholera
200 Unknown (69 cases) Nigeria 2007 Poliomyelitis
201 183 Puerto Rico; Dominican Republic; Mexico 2007 Dengue fever
202 Perhaps 1.5% of 1,200 cases (18)/ 150 in another source Somalia 2007 Cholera
203 37 Uganda 2007 Ebola
204 Vietnam 2007 Cholera
205 Brazil 2008 Dengue fever
206 Cambodia 2008 Dengue fever
207 Chad 2008 Cholera
208 China 2008–2017 Hand, foot, and mouth disease
209 18+ Madagascar 2008 Bubonic plague
210 172 Philippines 2008 Dengue fever
211 0 Vietnam 2008 Cholera
212 4293 Zimbabwe 2008–2009 2008–09 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak Cholera
213 18 Bolivia 2009 2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic Dengue fever
214 49 India 2009 2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak Hepatitis B
215 1+ (503 cases) Queensland, Australia 2009 Dengue fever
216 Worldwide 2009 Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s Mumps
217 1100 West Africa 2009–2010 2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak Meningitis
218 151,700-575,400 Worldwide 2009–2010 2009 flu pandemic (informally called "swine flu") Pandemic H1N1/09 virus Yes No No New virus; no immunity 0 New virus; 0 immunity
219 10,075 (May 2017) Hispaniola 2010–present Haiti cholera outbreak Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa)
220 4,500+ Democratic Republic of the Congo 2010–2014 Measles
221 170 Vietnam 2011–present Hand, foot and mouth disease
222 350+ Pakistan 2011 2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan Dengue fever
223 171 Darfur Sudan 2012 2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan Yellow fever
224 862 (as of 13 January 2020) Worldwide 2012–present 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
225 142 Vietnam 2013–2014 Measles
226 11,300+ Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone 2013–2016 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa Ebola virus disease Ebola virus virion Yes No Yes New virus; no immunity 1 New virus; 0 immunity
227 183 Americas 2013–2015 2013–14 chikungunya outbreak Chikungunya
228 292 Madagascar 2014–2017 2014 Madagascar plague outbreak Bubonic plague
229 36 India 2014–2015 2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A
230 2035 India 2015 2015 Indian swine flu outbreak Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
231 ~53 Worldwide 2015–2016 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic Zika virus
232 100s (as of 1 April 2016) Angola, DR Congo, China, Kenya 2016 2016 yellow fever outbreak in Angola Yellow fever
233 3,886 (as of 30 November 2019) Yemen 2016–present 2016–20 Yemen cholera outbreak Cholera
234 1317 India 2017 2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak Japanese encephalitis
235 60,000–80,000+ United States 2017–2018 2017–18 United States flu season Seasonal influenza Unclear Yes Yes 1
236 17 India 2018 2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala Nipah virus infection
237 2,271 (as of 26 April 2020) Democratic Republic of the Congo & Uganda 2018–present 2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic Ebola virus disease
238 6,400+ (as of April 2020) Democratic Republic of the Congo 2019–present 2019 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Measles
239 83 Samoa 2019–present 2019 Samoa measles outbreak Measles
240 3,700+ Asia-Pacific, Latin America 2019–present 2019–20 dengue fever epidemic Dengue fever
241 258,354 (As of 6 May 2020) Worldwide 2019–present COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2

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ea/PastPandemics.md
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# Past pandemics
I've been reading about pandemics. The method was reading through this Wikipedia list: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics, and miscellaneous sources. The limitations of the method was that this list has a bias towards epidemics in the English-speaking world, that som
e of their figures were wrong, and that towards the end it tends to consider smallish pandemics. Moreover, there weren't that many times whe
I've been reading about pandemics. The method was reading through this Wikipedia list: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics, and miscellaneous sources. The limitations of the method was that this list has a bias towards epidemics in the English-speaking world, that some of their figures were wrong, and that towards the end it tends to consider smallish pandemics. Moreover, there weren't that many times whe
re a disease was introduced to a new population *and* it had a low fatality rate (influenza being the chief example).
## Some thoughts:
@ -11,8 +10,8 @@ re a disease was introduced to a new population *and* it had a low fatality rate
- "Herd immunity" seems to be built over longer periods of time, rather than over the course of a year. Historically, one found out that there was herd immunity within a population because when the pandemic came back a decade hence, fewer and younger people died.
- Modern plagues can be thought as accelerated versions of older plagues; where it once took years from a pandemic to travel from China to Central Europe, it now takes day or weeks.
- Authorities and elites denying the extent of a plague, and this causing more pain and suffering... has been known to happen, and is even common.
- The plague... doesn't care about what measures the authorities think are reasonable, or enough. A particularly poignant example of this was the [Great Plague of Marseille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille)
-
CSV for the above [here](https://nunosempere.github.io/ea/PastPandemics.csv).
## Some comments from my notes: