This commit is contained in:
NunoSempere 2023-05-02 20:43:12 -04:00
parent e269917240
commit 59b92a6479

View File

@ -10,15 +10,16 @@
return lispval_err(err); \ return lispval_err(err); \
} }
int VERBOSE = 2; int VERBOSE = 2;
#define printfln(...) do { \ #define printfln(...) \
if(VERBOSE == 2) { \ do { \
printf ("\n@ %s (%d): ", __FILE__, __LINE__); \ if (VERBOSE == 2) { \
printf (__VA_ARGS__); \ printf("\n@ %s (%d): ", __FILE__, __LINE__); \
} else {\ printf(__VA_ARGS__); \
} else { \
printf("\n"); \ printf("\n"); \
printf (__VA_ARGS__); \ printf(__VA_ARGS__); \
} \ } \
} while (0) } while (0)
// Types // Types
// Types: Forward declarations // Types: Forward declarations
@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ struct lispenv;
typedef struct lispval lispval; typedef struct lispval lispval;
typedef struct lispenv lispenv; typedef struct lispenv lispenv;
typedef lispval*(*lispbuiltin)(lispval*, lispenv*); typedef lispval* (*lispbuiltin)(lispval*, lispenv*);
// this defines the lispbuiltin type // this defines the lispbuiltin type
// which seems to be a pointer to a function which takes in a lispenv* // which seems to be a pointer to a function which takes in a lispenv*
// and a lispval* and returns a lispval* // and a lispval* and returns a lispval*
@ -58,7 +59,6 @@ typedef struct lispval {
struct lispval** cell; // list of lisval* struct lispval** cell; // list of lisval*
} lispval; } lispval;
enum { enum {
LISPERR_DIV_ZERO, LISPERR_DIV_ZERO,
LISPERR_BAD_OP, LISPERR_BAD_OP,
@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ enum {
// Constructors // Constructors
lispval* lispval_num(double x) lispval* lispval_num(double x)
{ {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocated num"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocated num");
lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval)); lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval));
v->type = LISPVAL_NUM; v->type = LISPVAL_NUM;
v->count = 0; v->count = 0;
@ -78,7 +79,8 @@ lispval* lispval_num(double x)
lispval* lispval_err(char* message) lispval* lispval_err(char* message)
{ {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocated err"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocated err");
lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval)); lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval));
v->type = LISPVAL_ERR; v->type = LISPVAL_ERR;
v->count = 0; v->count = 0;
@ -89,7 +91,8 @@ lispval* lispval_err(char* message)
lispval* lispval_sym(char* symbol) lispval* lispval_sym(char* symbol)
{ {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocated sym"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocated sym");
lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval)); lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval));
v->type = LISPVAL_SYM; v->type = LISPVAL_SYM;
v->count = 0; v->count = 0;
@ -98,21 +101,25 @@ lispval* lispval_sym(char* symbol)
return v; return v;
} }
lispval* lispval_func(lispbuiltin func, char* funcname){ lispval* lispval_func(lispbuiltin func, char* funcname)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocating func name:%s, pointer: %p", funcname, func); {
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocating func name:%s, pointer: %p", funcname, func);
lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval)); lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval));
v->type = LISPVAL_FUNC; v->type = LISPVAL_FUNC;
v->count = 0; v->count = 0;
v->funcname = malloc(strlen(funcname) + 1); v->funcname = malloc(strlen(funcname) + 1);
strcpy(v->funcname, funcname); strcpy(v->funcname, funcname);
v->func = func; v->func = func;
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocated func"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocated func");
return v; return v;
} }
lispval* lispval_sexpr(void) lispval* lispval_sexpr(void)
{ {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocated sexpr"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocated sexpr");
lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval)); lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval));
v->type = LISPVAL_SEXPR; v->type = LISPVAL_SEXPR;
v->count = 0; v->count = 0;
@ -122,7 +129,8 @@ lispval* lispval_sexpr(void)
lispval* lispval_qexpr(void) lispval* lispval_qexpr(void)
{ {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocated qexpr"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocated qexpr");
lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval)); lispval* v = malloc(sizeof(lispval));
v->type = LISPVAL_QEXPR; v->type = LISPVAL_QEXPR;
v->count = 0; v->count = 0;
@ -134,46 +142,62 @@ lispval* lispval_qexpr(void)
void print_lispval_tree(lispval* v, int indent_level); void print_lispval_tree(lispval* v, int indent_level);
void delete_lispval(lispval* v) void delete_lispval(lispval* v)
{ {
if(v == NULL) return; if (v == NULL)
return;
// print_lispval_tree(v, 0); // print_lispval_tree(v, 0);
if(VERBOSE) printfln("\nDeleting object of type %i",v->type); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("\nDeleting object of type %i", v->type);
switch (v->type) { switch (v->type) {
case LISPVAL_NUM: case LISPVAL_NUM:
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freeing num"); if (VERBOSE)
if (v != NULL) free(v); printfln("Freeing num");
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freed num"); if (v != NULL)
free(v);
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freed num");
break; break;
case LISPVAL_ERR: case LISPVAL_ERR:
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freeing err"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freeing err");
if (v->err != NULL) if (v->err != NULL)
free(v->err); free(v->err);
v->err = NULL; v->err = NULL;
if (v != NULL) free(v); if (v != NULL)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freed err"); free(v);
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freed err");
break; break;
case LISPVAL_SYM: case LISPVAL_SYM:
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freeing sym"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freeing sym");
if (v->sym != NULL) if (v->sym != NULL)
free(v->sym); free(v->sym);
v->sym = NULL; v->sym = NULL;
if (v != NULL) free(v); if (v != NULL)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freed sym"); free(v);
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freed sym");
break; break;
case LISPVAL_FUNC: case LISPVAL_FUNC:
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freeing func"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freeing func");
if (v->funcname != NULL) if (v->funcname != NULL)
free(v->funcname); free(v->funcname);
v->funcname = NULL; v->funcname = NULL;
if (v != NULL) free(v); if (v != NULL)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freed func"); free(v);
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freed func");
// Don't do anything with v->func for now // Don't do anything with v->func for now
// Though we could delete the pointer to the function later // Though we could delete the pointer to the function later
// free(v->func); // free(v->func);
break; break;
case LISPVAL_SEXPR: case LISPVAL_SEXPR:
case LISPVAL_QEXPR: case LISPVAL_QEXPR:
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freeing sexpr|qexpr"); if (VERBOSE)
if(v==NULL || v->count !=0) return; printfln("Freeing sexpr|qexpr");
if (v == NULL || v->count != 0)
return;
for (int i = 0; i < v->count; i++) { for (int i = 0; i < v->count; i++) {
if (v->cell[i] != NULL) if (v->cell[i] != NULL)
delete_lispval(v->cell[i]); delete_lispval(v->cell[i]);
@ -183,11 +207,14 @@ void delete_lispval(lispval* v)
if (v->cell != NULL) if (v->cell != NULL)
free(v->cell); free(v->cell);
v->cell = NULL; v->cell = NULL;
if (v != NULL) free(v); if (v != NULL)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Freed sexpr|qexpr"); free(v);
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Freed sexpr|qexpr");
break; break;
default: default:
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Error: Unknown expression type for pointer %p of type %i", v, v->type); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Error: Unknown expression type for pointer %p of type %i", v, v->type);
} }
// v = NULL; this is only our local pointer, sadly. // v = NULL; this is only our local pointer, sadly.
} }
@ -199,7 +226,8 @@ struct lispenv {
lispval** vals; // list of pointers to vals lispval** vals; // list of pointers to vals
}; };
lispenv* new_lispenv(){ lispenv* new_lispenv()
{
lispenv* n = malloc(sizeof(lispenv)); lispenv* n = malloc(sizeof(lispenv));
n->count = 0; n->count = 0;
n->syms = NULL; n->syms = NULL;
@ -207,8 +235,9 @@ lispenv* new_lispenv(){
return n; return n;
} }
void destroy_lispenv(lispenv* env){ void destroy_lispenv(lispenv* env)
for(int i=0; i< env->count; i++){ {
for (int i = 0; i < env->count; i++) {
free(env->syms[i]); free(env->syms[i]);
free(env->vals[i]); free(env->vals[i]);
env->syms[i] = NULL; env->syms[i] = NULL;
@ -223,9 +252,10 @@ void destroy_lispenv(lispenv* env){
} }
lispval* clone_lispval(lispval* old); lispval* clone_lispval(lispval* old);
lispval* get_from_lispenv(char* sym, lispenv* env){ lispval* get_from_lispenv(char* sym, lispenv* env)
for(int i=0; i<env->count; i++){ {
if(strcmp(env->syms[i], sym) == 0){ for (int i = 0; i < env->count; i++) {
if (strcmp(env->syms[i], sym) == 0) {
return clone_lispval(env->vals[i]); return clone_lispval(env->vals[i]);
// return env->vals[i]; // return env->vals[i];
} }
@ -233,16 +263,17 @@ lispval* get_from_lispenv(char* sym, lispenv* env){
return lispval_err("Error: unbound symbol"); return lispval_err("Error: unbound symbol");
} }
void insert_in_lispenv(char* sym, lispval* v, lispenv* env){ void insert_in_lispenv(char* sym, lispval* v, lispenv* env)
{
int found = 0; int found = 0;
for(int i=0; i<env->count; i++){ for (int i = 0; i < env->count; i++) {
if(strcmp(env->syms[i], sym) == 0){ if (strcmp(env->syms[i], sym) == 0) {
delete_lispval(env->vals[i]); delete_lispval(env->vals[i]);
env->vals[i] = clone_lispval(v); env->vals[i] = clone_lispval(v);
found = 1; found = 1;
} }
} }
if(found == 0){ if (found == 0) {
// Expand memory *for the arrays* // Expand memory *for the arrays*
env->count++; env->count++;
env->syms = realloc(env->syms, sizeof(char*) * env->count); env->syms = realloc(env->syms, sizeof(char*) * env->count);
@ -364,10 +395,13 @@ void print_lispval_tree(lispval* v, int indent_level)
printfln("Error: unknown lispval type\n"); printfln("Error: unknown lispval type\n");
// printfln("%s", v->sym); // printfln("%s", v->sym);
} }
if(VERBOSE > 1) printfln("Freeing indent"); if (VERBOSE > 1)
if (indent!=NULL) free(indent); printfln("Freeing indent");
if (indent != NULL)
free(indent);
indent = NULL; indent = NULL;
if(VERBOSE > 1) printfln("Freed indent"); if (VERBOSE > 1)
printfln("Freed indent");
} }
void print_lispval_parenthesis(lispval* v) void print_lispval_parenthesis(lispval* v)
@ -605,7 +639,8 @@ lispval* builtin_join(lispval* l, lispenv* e)
} }
// Define a variable // Define a variable
lispval* builtin_def(lispval* v, lispenv* env){ lispval* builtin_def(lispval* v, lispenv* env)
{
// Takes one argument: def { { a b } { 1 2 } } // Takes one argument: def { { a b } { 1 2 } }
lispval* source = v->cell[0]; lispval* source = v->cell[0];
LISPVAL_ASSERT(v->count == 1, "Error: function def passed too many arguments"); LISPVAL_ASSERT(v->count == 1, "Error: function def passed too many arguments");
@ -617,11 +652,14 @@ lispval* builtin_def(lispval* v, lispenv* env){
lispval* symbols = source->cell[0]; lispval* symbols = source->cell[0];
lispval* values = source->cell[1]; lispval* values = source->cell[1];
for(int i; i < symbols->count; i++){ for (int i; i < symbols->count; i++) {
LISPVAL_ASSERT(symbols->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_SYM, "Error: in function def, the first list of items should be of type symbol: def { { a b } { 1 2 } }"); LISPVAL_ASSERT(symbols->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_SYM, "Error: in function def, the first list of items should be of type symbol: def { { a b } { 1 2 } }");
if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(symbols, 0); if (VERBOSE)
if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(values, 0); print_lispval_tree(symbols, 0);
if(VERBOSE) printf("\n"); if (VERBOSE)
print_lispval_tree(values, 0);
if (VERBOSE)
printf("\n");
insert_in_lispenv(symbols->cell[i]->sym, values->cell[i], env); insert_in_lispenv(symbols->cell[i]->sym, values->cell[i], env);
} }
return lispval_sexpr(); // () return lispval_sexpr(); // ()
@ -678,19 +716,23 @@ lispval* builtin_math_ops(char* op, lispval* v, lispenv* e)
} }
// Fit the simple math ops using the above code // Fit the simple math ops using the above code
lispval* builtin_add(lispval* v, lispenv* env) { lispval* builtin_add(lispval* v, lispenv* env)
{
return builtin_math_ops("+", v, env); return builtin_math_ops("+", v, env);
} }
lispval* builtin_substract(lispval* v, lispenv* env) { lispval* builtin_substract(lispval* v, lispenv* env)
{
return builtin_math_ops("-", v, env); return builtin_math_ops("-", v, env);
} }
lispval* builtin_multiply(lispval* v, lispenv* env) { lispval* builtin_multiply(lispval* v, lispenv* env)
{
return builtin_math_ops("*", v, env); return builtin_math_ops("*", v, env);
} }
lispval* builtin_divide(lispval* v, lispenv* env) { lispval* builtin_divide(lispval* v, lispenv* env)
{
return builtin_math_ops("/", v, env); return builtin_math_ops("/", v, env);
} }
@ -719,14 +761,18 @@ lispval* builtin_functions(char* func, lispval* v, lispenv* env)
} }
// Add builtins to an env // Add builtins to an env
void lispenv_add_builtin(char* funcname, lispbuiltin func, lispenv* env ){ void lispenv_add_builtin(char* funcname, lispbuiltin func, lispenv* env)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Adding func: name: %s, pointer: %p", funcname, func); {
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Adding func: name: %s, pointer: %p", funcname, func);
lispval* f = lispval_func(func, funcname); lispval* f = lispval_func(func, funcname);
if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(f, 0); if (VERBOSE)
insert_in_lispenv(funcname, f,env); print_lispval_tree(f, 0);
insert_in_lispenv(funcname, f, env);
delete_lispval(f); delete_lispval(f);
} }
void lispenv_add_builtins(lispenv* env){ void lispenv_add_builtins(lispenv* env)
{
// Math functions // Math functions
lispenv_add_builtin("+", builtin_add, env); lispenv_add_builtin("+", builtin_add, env);
lispenv_add_builtin("-", builtin_substract, env); lispenv_add_builtin("-", builtin_substract, env);
@ -746,92 +792,112 @@ void lispenv_add_builtins(lispenv* env){
// Evaluate the lispval // Evaluate the lispval
lispval* evaluate_lispval(lispval* l, lispenv* env) lispval* evaluate_lispval(lispval* l, lispenv* env)
{ {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Evaluating lispval"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Evaluating lispval");
// Check if this is neither an s-expression nor a symbol; otherwise return as is. // Check if this is neither an s-expression nor a symbol; otherwise return as is.
if(VERBOSE) printfln(""); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("");
if (l->type != LISPVAL_SEXPR && l->type != LISPVAL_SYM) if (l->type != LISPVAL_SEXPR && l->type != LISPVAL_SYM)
return l; return l;
// Check if this is a symbol // Check if this is a symbol
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Checking if this is a symbol"); if (VERBOSE)
if(l->type == LISPVAL_SYM){ printfln("Checking if this is a symbol");
if (l->type == LISPVAL_SYM) {
// Unclear how I want to structure this so as to not get memory errors. // Unclear how I want to structure this so as to not get memory errors.
return get_from_lispenv(l->sym, env); return get_from_lispenv(l->sym, env);
} }
// Evaluate the children if needed // Evaluate the children if needed
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Evaluating children"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Evaluating children");
for (int i = 0; i < l->count; i++) { for (int i = 0; i < l->count; i++) {
if (l->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_SEXPR || l->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_SYM) { if (l->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_SEXPR || l->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_SYM) {
// l->cell[i] = // l->cell[i] =
if(VERBOSE) printfln(""); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("");
lispval* new = evaluate_lispval(l->cell[i], env); lispval* new = evaluate_lispval(l->cell[i], env);
// delete_lispval(l->cell[i]); // delete_lispval(l->cell[i]);
// ^ gave me a "double free" error. // ^ gave me a "double free" error.
l->cell[i] = new; l->cell[i] = new;
if(VERBOSE) printfln(""); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("");
} }
} }
// Check if any are errors. // Check if any are errors.
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Checking for errors in children"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Checking for errors in children");
lispval* err = NULL; lispval* err = NULL;
for (int i = 0; i < l->count; i++) { for (int i = 0; i < l->count; i++) {
if (l->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_ERR) { if (l->cell[i]->type == LISPVAL_ERR) {
err = clone_lispval(l->cell[i]); err = clone_lispval(l->cell[i]);
} }
} }
if (err != NULL){ if (err != NULL) {
/* /*
for (int i = 0; i < l->count; i++) { for (int i = 0; i < l->count; i++) {
delete_lispval(l->cell[i]); delete_lispval(l->cell[i]);
} }
*/ */
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Returning error"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Returning error");
return err; return err;
} }
// Check if the first element is an operation. // Check if the first element is an operation.
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Checking is first element is a function"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Checking is first element is a function");
if (l->count >= 2 && ((l->cell[0])->type == LISPVAL_FUNC)) { if (l->count >= 2 && ((l->cell[0])->type == LISPVAL_FUNC)) {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Passed check");
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Operating on:"); if (VERBOSE)
if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(l, 4); printfln("Passed check");
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Operating on:");
if (VERBOSE)
print_lispval_tree(l, 4);
lispval* temp = clone_lispval(l); lispval* temp = clone_lispval(l);
lispval* f = pop_lispval(temp, 0); lispval* f = pop_lispval(temp, 0);
// pop is destructive. // pop is destructive.
lispval* operands = temp; lispval* operands = temp;
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Allocated memory"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Allocated memory");
// lispval* operation = clone_lispval(l->cell[0]); // lispval* operation = clone_lispval(l->cell[0]);
// lispval* operands = lispval_sexpr(); // lispval* operands = lispval_sexpr();
// for (int i = 1; i < l->count; i++) { // for (int i = 1; i < l->count; i++) {
// lispval_append_child(operands, l->cell[i]); // lispval_append_child(operands, l->cell[i]);
// } // }
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Applying function to operands"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Applying function to operands");
// lispval* answer = lispval_num(42); // lispval* answer = lispval_num(42);
lispval* answer= f->func(operands, env); lispval* answer = f->func(operands, env);
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Applied function to operands"); if (VERBOSE)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Cleaning up"); printfln("Applied function to operands");
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Cleaning up");
// builtin_functions(operation->sym, l, env); // builtin_functions(operation->sym, l, env);
delete_lispval(f); delete_lispval(f);
delete_lispval(operands); delete_lispval(operands);
// delete_lispval(temp); // delete_lispval(temp);
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Returning"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Returning");
return answer; return answer;
} }
return l; return l;
} }
// Increase or decrease verbosity level manually // Increase or decrease verbosity level manually
void modify_verbosity(char* command){ void modify_verbosity(char* command)
if(strcmp("VERBOSE=0", command) == 0){ {
VERBOSE=0; if (strcmp("VERBOSE=0", command) == 0) {
VERBOSE = 0;
} }
if(strcmp("VERBOSE=1", command) == 0){ if (strcmp("VERBOSE=1", command) == 0) {
VERBOSE=1; VERBOSE = 1;
printfln("VERBOSE=1"); printfln("VERBOSE=1");
} }
if(strcmp("VERBOSE=2", command) == 0){ if (strcmp("VERBOSE=2", command) == 0) {
VERBOSE=2; VERBOSE = 2;
} }
} }
@ -862,16 +928,24 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
Number, Symbol, Sexpr, Qexpr, Expr, Mumble); Number, Symbol, Sexpr, Qexpr, Expr, Mumble);
// Create an environment // Create an environment
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Creating lispenv"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Creating lispenv");
lispenv* env = new_lispenv(); lispenv* env = new_lispenv();
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Created lispenv"); if (VERBOSE)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Adding builtins"); printfln("Created lispenv");
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Adding builtins");
lispenv_add_builtins(env); lispenv_add_builtins(env);
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Added builtins"); if (VERBOSE)
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Environment contents: %i", env->count); printfln("Added builtins");
if(VERBOSE) printfln(" env->syms[0]: %s", env->syms[0]); if (VERBOSE)
if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(env->vals[0], 2); printfln("Environment contents: %i", env->count);
if(VERBOSE) printfln("\n"); if (VERBOSE)
printfln(" env->syms[0]: %s", env->syms[0]);
if (VERBOSE)
print_lispval_tree(env->vals[0], 2);
if (VERBOSE)
printfln("\n");
// Initialize a repl // Initialize a repl
int loop = 1; int loop = 1;
while (loop) { while (loop) {
@ -909,13 +983,16 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv)
lispval* answer = evaluate_lispval(l, env); lispval* answer = evaluate_lispval(l, env);
{ {
if(VERBOSE) printfln("Result: "); if (VERBOSE)
printfln("Result: ");
print_lispval_parenthesis(answer); print_lispval_parenthesis(answer);
if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(answer, 0); if (VERBOSE)
print_lispval_tree(answer, 0);
printf("\n"); printf("\n");
} }
delete_lispval(answer); delete_lispval(answer);
if(VERBOSE > 1) printfln("Answer after deletion: %p", answer); if (VERBOSE > 1)
printfln("Answer after deletion: %p", answer);
// delete_lispval(answer); // do this twice, just to see. // delete_lispval(answer); // do this twice, just to see.
//if(VERBOSE) printfln("Deleting this lispval:"); //if(VERBOSE) printfln("Deleting this lispval:");
// if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(l,2); // if(VERBOSE) print_lispval_tree(l,2);